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      Depletion of VPS35 attenuates metastasis of hepatocellular carcinoma by restraining the Wnt/PCP signaling pathway

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          Abstract

          Vesicle Protein Sorting 35 (VPS35) is a novel oncogene that promotes tumor growth through the PI3K/AKT signaling in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). However, the role of VPS35 in HCC metastasis and the underlying mechanisms remain largely unclear. In this study, we observed that overexpression of VPS35 enhanced hepatoma cell invasion and metastasis by inducing epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT)-related gene expression. Conversely, knockout of VPS35 significantly inhibited hepatoma cell migration and invasion. Furthermore, depletion of VPS35 decreased the lung metastasis of HCC in nude mice. By transcriptome analysis, we determined that VPS35 promoted HCC metastasis by activating the Wnt/non-canonical planar cell polarity (PCP) pathway. Mechanistically, VPS35 activated the PCP pathway by regulating membrane sorting and trafficking of Frizzled-2 (FZD2) and ROR1 in hepatoma cells. Collectively, our results indicate that VPS35 promotes HCC metastasis via enhancing the Wnt/PCP signaling, thus providing a potential prognostic marker and therapeutic target for HCC.

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          Global Cancer Statistics 2018: GLOBOCAN Estimates of Incidence and Mortality Worldwide for 36 Cancers in 185 Countries

          Ahmedin Jemal, Lindsey A Torre, Rebecca Siegel … (2018)
          This article provides a status report on the global burden of cancer worldwide using the GLOBOCAN 2018 estimates of cancer incidence and mortality produced by the International Agency for Research on Cancer, with a focus on geographic variability across 20 world regions. There will be an estimated 18.1 million new cancer cases (17.0 million excluding nonmelanoma skin cancer) and 9.6 million cancer deaths (9.5 million excluding nonmelanoma skin cancer) in 2018. In both sexes combined, lung cancer is the most commonly diagnosed cancer (11.6% of the total cases) and the leading cause of cancer death (18.4% of the total cancer deaths), closely followed by female breast cancer (11.6%), prostate cancer (7.1%), and colorectal cancer (6.1%) for incidence and colorectal cancer (9.2%), stomach cancer (8.2%), and liver cancer (8.2%) for mortality. Lung cancer is the most frequent cancer and the leading cause of cancer death among males, followed by prostate and colorectal cancer (for incidence) and liver and stomach cancer (for mortality). Among females, breast cancer is the most commonly diagnosed cancer and the leading cause of cancer death, followed by colorectal and lung cancer (for incidence), and vice versa (for mortality); cervical cancer ranks fourth for both incidence and mortality. The most frequently diagnosed cancer and the leading cause of cancer death, however, substantially vary across countries and within each country depending on the degree of economic development and associated social and life style factors. It is noteworthy that high-quality cancer registry data, the basis for planning and implementing evidence-based cancer control programs, are not available in most low- and middle-income countries. The Global Initiative for Cancer Registry Development is an international partnership that supports better estimation, as well as the collection and use of local data, to prioritize and evaluate national cancer control efforts. CA: A Cancer Journal for Clinicians 2018;0:1-31. © 2018 American Cancer Society.
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            Hepatocellular carcinoma

            Alejandro Forner, María E Reig, Jordi Bruix (2018)
            Hepatocellular carcinoma appears frequently in patients with cirrhosis. Surveillance by biannual ultrasound is recommended for such patients because it allows diagnosis at an early stage, when effective therapies are feasible. The best candidates for resection are patients with a solitary tumour and preserved liver function. Liver transplantation benefits patients who are not good candidates for surgical resection, and the best candidates are those within Milan criteria (solitary tumour ≤5 cm or up to three nodules ≤3 cm). Image-guided ablation is the most frequently used therapeutic strategy, but its efficacy is limited by the size of the tumour and its localisation. Chemoembolisation has survival benefit in asymptomatic patients with multifocal disease without vascular invasion or extrahepatic spread. Finally, sorafenib, lenvatinib, which is non-inferior to sorafenib, and regorafenib increase survival and are the standard treatments in advanced hepatocellular carcinoma. This Seminar summarises the scientific evidence that supports the current recommendations for clinical practice, and discusses the areas in which more research is needed.
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              Molecular mechanisms of epithelial-mesenchymal transition.

              Samy Lamouille, Jian Xu, Rik Derynck (2014)
              The transdifferentiation of epithelial cells into motile mesenchymal cells, a process known as epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), is integral in development, wound healing and stem cell behaviour, and contributes pathologically to fibrosis and cancer progression. This switch in cell differentiation and behaviour is mediated by key transcription factors, including SNAIL, zinc-finger E-box-binding (ZEB) and basic helix-loop-helix transcription factors, the functions of which are finely regulated at the transcriptional, translational and post-translational levels. The reprogramming of gene expression during EMT, as well as non-transcriptional changes, are initiated and controlled by signalling pathways that respond to extracellular cues. Among these, transforming growth factor-β (TGFβ) family signalling has a predominant role; however, the convergence of signalling pathways is essential for EMT.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Ni Tang
                Kai Wang
                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Genes Dis
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Genes Dis
                Title: Genes & Diseases
                Publisher: Chongqing Medical University
                ISSN (Print): 2352-4820
                ISSN (Electronic): 2352-3042
                Publication date PMC-release: 25 July 2020
                Publication date Collection: March 2021
                Publication date (Electronic): 25 July 2020
                Volume: 8
                Issue: 2
                Pages: 232-240
                Affiliations
                [a ]Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Infectious Diseases (Ministry of Education), Institute for Viral Hepatitis, Department of Infectious Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, PR China
                [b ]Department of Bioinformatics, School of Basic Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, PR China
                Author notes
                [∗ ]Corresponding author. wangkai@ 123456cqmu.edu.cn
                [∗∗ ]Corresponding author. nitang@ 123456cqmu.edu.cn
                [1]

                These authors contributed equally to this work.

                Article
                Publisher Item ID: S2352-3042(20)30092-1
                DOI: 10.1016/j.gendis.2020.07.009
                PMC ID: 8099696
                PubMed ID: 33997170
                SO-VID: ee705144-f1c9-4a7e-bba7-1e7f7887f9af
                Copyright © © 2020 Chongqing Medical University. Production and hosting by Elsevier B.V.
                License:

                This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).

                History
                Date received : 17 February 2020
                Date revision received : 10 July 2020
                Date accepted : 16 July 2020
                Categories
                Subject: Full Length Article

                Keywords: epithelial–mesenchymal transition,hepatocellular carcinoma (hcc),metastasis,retromer complex,vps35,wnt/pcp signaling pathway
                Data availability:
                Keywords: epithelial–mesenchymal transition, hepatocellular carcinoma (hcc), metastasis, retromer complex, vps35, wnt/pcp signaling pathway

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