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      Proteomic Analysis of Various Rat Ocular Tissues after Ischemia–Reperfusion Injury and Possible Relevance to Acute Glaucoma

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          Abstract

          Glaucoma is a group of eye diseases that can cause vision loss and optical nerve damage. To investigate the protein expression alterations in various intraocular tissues (i.e., the cornea, conjunctiva, uvea, retina, and sclera) during ischemia–reperfusion (IR) injury, this study performed a proteomic analysis to qualitatively investigate such alterations resulting from acute glaucoma. The IR injury model combined with the proteomic analysis approach of two-dimensional difference gel electrophoresis (2D-DIGE) and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) was used to monitor the protein expression alterations in two groups of specimens (an IR injury group and a control group). The analysis results revealed 221 unique differentially expressed proteins of a total of 1481 proteins in the cornea between the two groups. In addition, 97 of 1206 conjunctival proteins, 90 of 1354 uveal proteins, 61 of 1180 scleral proteins, and 37 of 1204 retinal proteins were differentially expressed. These findings imply that different ocular tissues have different tolerances against IR injury. To sum up, this study utilized the acute glaucoma model combined with 2D-DIGE and MALDI-TOF MS to investigate the IR injury affected protein expression on various ocular tissues, and based on the ratio of protein expression alterations, the alterations in the ocular tissues were in the following order: the cornea, conjunctiva, uvea, sclera, and retina.

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          Oxidative stress and apoptosis: impact on cancer therapy.

          Tomris Ozben (2007)
          It is well established that some chemotherapeutic agents and radiation therapy generate reactive oxygen species (ROS) in patients during cancer therapy. Free radicals, particularly ROS have been proposed as common mediators for apoptosis. Recent studies have demonstrated that the mode of cell death depends on the severity of the oxidative damage. This review will address some of the current paradigms of oxidative stress, and antioxidants on apoptosis, and discuss the potential mechanisms by which oxidants can regulate apoptotic pathways. It will also review new developments in eliminating cancer cells by selectively inducing apoptosis. (c) 2007 Wiley-Liss, Inc. and the American Pharmacists Association.
          Article 0 comments Cited 186 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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            The development of the DIGE system: 2D fluorescence difference gel analysis technology.

            Rita Marouga, Stephen David, Edward F. Hawkins (2005)
            Two-dimensional (2D) gel electrophoresis is a powerful technique enabling simultaneous visualization of relatively large portions of the proteome. However, the well documented issues of variation and lack of sensitivity and quantitative capabilities of existing labeling reagents, has limited the use of this technique as a quantitative tool. Two-dimensional difference gel electrophoresis (2D DIGE) builds on this technique by adding a highly accurate quantitative dimension. 2D DIGE enables multiple protein extracts to be separated on the same 2D gel. This is made possible by labeling of each extract using spectrally resolvable, size and charge-matched fluorescent dyes known as CyDye DIGE fluors. 2D DIGE involves use of a reference sample, known as an internal standard, which comprises equal amounts of all biological samples in the experiment. Including the internal standard on each gel in the experiment with the individual biological samples means that the abundance of each protein spot on a gel can be measured relative (i.e. as a ratio) to its corresponding spot in the internal standard present on the same gel. Ettan DIGE is the system of technologies that has been optimized to fully benefit from the advantages provided by 2D DIGE.
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              Proteomic identification of oxidatively modified retinal proteins in a chronic pressure-induced rat model of glaucoma.

              Jian-Ting Cai, Güler G Tezel, Xiangjun Yang (2005)
              Based on the evidence of an amplified production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) during glaucomatous neurodegeneration, proteomic analysis was performed to determine oxidative modification of retinal proteins after experimental elevation of intraocular pressure (IOP). IOP elevation was induced in rats by hypertonic saline injections into episcleral veins. Protein expression was determined by two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (2D-PAGE) of retinal protein lysates obtained from eyes matched for the cumulative IOP exposure and axon loss. To determine protein oxidation levels, protein carbonyls were detected through 2D-oxyblot analysis of 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine (DNPH)-treated samples using an anti-DNP antibody. For identification of oxidized proteins, peptide masses were analyzed by matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF/MS) and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS). In addition to use of different engines in a bioinformatic database search and performance of peptide sequencing and 2D-Western blot analysis for confirmation of the identified proteins, immunohistochemistry was used for further validation of the proteomic findings. Comparison of 2D-oxyblots with Coomassie Blue-stained 2D-gels revealed that approximately 60 protein spots obtained with retinal protein lysates from ocular hypertensive eyes (of >400 spots) exhibited protein carbonyl immunoreactivity, which reflects oxidatively modified proteins. There was a significant increase in anti-carbonyl reactivity in individual protein spots obtained with retinal protein lysates from ocular hypertensive eyes compared with the control (P < 0.01). The identified proteins through peptide mass fingerprinting and peptide sequencing included glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, a glycolytic enzyme; HSP72, a stress protein; and glutamine synthetase, an excitotoxicity-related protein. Immunolabeling of retina sections with specific antibodies demonstrated cellular localization of these proteins as well as retinal distribution of the increased protein carbonyl immunoreactivity in ocular hypertensive eyes. The findings of this in vivo study provide novel evidence for oxidative modification of many retinal proteins in ocular hypertensive eyes and identify three specific targets of retinal protein oxidation in these eyes, thereby supporting the association of oxidative damage with neurodegeneration in glaucoma. By using a proteomic approach, this study also exemplifies that proteomics provide a very promising way to elucidate pathogenic mechanisms in glaucoma at the protein level.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                David Sheehan: Role: Academic Editor
                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Int J Mol Sci
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Int J Mol Sci
                Journal ID (publisher-id): ijms
                Title: International Journal of Molecular Sciences
                Publisher: MDPI
                ISSN (Electronic): 1422-0067
                Publication date (Electronic): 05 February 2017
                Publication date Collection: February 2017
                Volume: 18
                Issue: 2
                Electronic Location Identifier: 334
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Institute of Bioinformatics and Structural Biology & Department of Medical Sciences, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan; dful690@ 123456yahoo.com.tw (H.-Y.C.); nakyla1215@ 123456gmail.com (E.-C.L.); peach0722@ 123456hotmail.com.tw (Y.-T.T.); t91050127@ 123456hotmail.com.tw (Y.-S.W.); j77801@ 123456hotmail.com (J.-M.L.); lishlin0207@ 123456gmail.com (L.-H.L.); eva1018cat@ 123456yahoo.com.tw (M.-W.L.); chipmunk210@ 123456hotmail.com (Y.-J.C.); leo931016@ 123456yahoo.com.tw (Y.-S.C.); jennylin40728@ 123456yahoo.com.tw (C.-C.L.); woowoow0320@ 123456gmail.com (Y.-S.W.)
                [2 ]Department of Biomedical Engineering and Environmental Sciences, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan; chouhc@ 123456mail.nhcue.edu.tw
                [3 ]Center for Teacher Education, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan
                [4 ]Department of Applied Science, National Hsinchu University of Education, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan
                [5 ]Gynecologic Oncology Section Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Hsinchu Mackay Memorial Hospital, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan; testisfine@ 123456gmail.com
                [6 ]Department of Ophthalmology, National Taiwan University Hospital Hsin-Chu Branch, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan
                Author notes
                [* ]Correspondence: aaddch@ 123456gmail.com (M.-L.K.); hlchan@ 123456life.nthu.edu.tw (H.-L.C.); Tel.: +886-3-532-6151 (ext. 8860) (M.-L.K.); +886-3-574-2476 (H.-L.C.); Fax: +886-3-532-4584 (M.-L.K.); +886-3-571-5934 (H.-L.C.)
                Article
                Publisher ID: ijms-18-00334
                DOI: 10.3390/ijms18020334
                PMC ID: 5343869
                PubMed ID: 28165428
                SO-VID: ee84d5ba-c8a1-4745-adca-2c428e21294e
                Copyright © © 2017 by the authors.
                License:

                Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

                History
                Date received : 06 December 2016
                Date accepted : 26 January 2017
                Categories
                Subject: Article

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Molecular biology
                Keywords: acute glaucoma,ischemia–reperfusion (ir) model,cornea,proteomics,difference gel electrophoresis (dige),matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight (maldi-tof)
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Molecular biology
                Keywords: acute glaucoma, ischemia–reperfusion (ir) model, cornea, proteomics, difference gel electrophoresis (dige), matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight (maldi-tof)

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