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      Autistic Traits and Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Symptoms Predict the Severity of Internet Gaming Disorder in an Italian Adult Population

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          Abstract

          Over the last decade, internet gaming has been a fast-growing recreational activity. Gamers risk their leisure activity becoming an addiction. In the present study, we aimed to measure the prevalence of Internet Gaming Disorder (IGD) in an adult population of video game players and to investigate the association between demographic variables, Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) traits, Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) severity, and IGD in adults. Through an online survey, we recruited 4260 individuals aged between 18 and 55 years old, who were members of online communities of video gamers. We collected demographic data and administered three questionnaires: the Internet Gaming Disorder Scale-Short Form (IGD9-SF), the Autism Spectrum Quotient (AQ), and the Adult ADHD Self-Report Scale (ASRS). Of the overall sample, 29.67% scored above the cut-off of 21 points for the IGD9-SF. Multiple linear regression models showed that daily spare time, autistic traits, and ADHD symptoms were positively associated with the severity of IGD in adults, after controlling for demographic variables. Future studies are required in order to explore factors linked to IGD in adults.

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          Psychometric properties of the strengths and difficulties questionnaire.

          ROBERT GOODMAN (2001)
          To describe the psychometric properties of the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ), a brief measure of the prosocial behavior and psychopathology of 3-16-year-olds that can be completed by parents, teachers, or youths. A nationwide epidemiological sample of 10,438 British 5-15-year-olds obtained SDQs from 96% of parents, 70% of teachers, and 91% of 11-15-year-olds. Blind to the SDQ findings, all subjects were also assigned DSM-IVdiagnoses based on a clinical review of detailed interview measures. The predicted five-factor structure (emotional, conduct, hyperactivity-inattention, peer, prosocial) was confirmed. Internalizing and externalizing scales were relatively "uncontaminated" by one another. Reliability was generally satisfactory, whether judged by internal consistency (mean Cronbach a: .73), cross-informant correlation (mean: 0.34), or retest stability after 4 to 6 months (mean: 0.62). SDQ scores above the 90th percentile predicted a substantially raised probability of independently diagnosed psychiatric disorders (mean odds ratio: 15.7 for parent scales, 15.2 for teacher scales, 6.2 for youth scales). The reliability and validity of the SDQ make it a useful brief measure of the adjustment and psychopathology of children and adolescents.
          Article 0 comments Cited 1050 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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            The autism-spectrum quotient (AQ): evidence from Asperger syndrome/high-functioning autism, males and females, scientists and mathematicians.

            S. Baron-Cohen, S Wheelwright, R. Skinner … (2001)
            Currently there are no brief, self-administered instruments for measuring the degree to which an adult with normal intelligence has the traits associated with the autistic spectrum. In this paper, we report on a new instrument to assess this: the Autism-Spectrum Quotient (AQ). Individuals score in the range 0-50. Four groups of subjects were assessed: Group 1: 58 adults with Asperger syndrome (AS) or high-functioning autism (HFA); Group 2: 174 randomly selected controls. Group 3: 840 students in Cambridge University; and Group 4: 16 winners of the UK Mathematics Olympiad. The adults with AS/HFA had a mean AQ score of 35.8 (SD = 6.5), significantly higher than Group 2 controls (M = 16.4, SD = 6.3). 80% of the adults with AS/HFA scored 32+, versus 2% of controls. Among the controls, men scored slightly but significantly higher than women. No women scored extremely highly (AQ score 34+) whereas 4% of men did so. Twice as many men (40%) as women (21%) scored at intermediate levels (AQ score 20+). Among the AS/HFA group, male and female scores did not differ significantly. The students in Cambridge University did not differ from the randomly selected control group, but scientists (including mathematicians) scored significantly higher than both humanities and social sciences students, confirming an earlier study that autistic conditions are associated with scientific skills. Within the sciences, mathematicians scored highest. This was replicated in Group 4, the Mathematics Olympiad winners scoring significantly higher than the male Cambridge humanities students. 6% of the student sample scored 32+ on the AQ. On interview, 11 out of 11 of these met three or more DSM-IV criteria for AS/HFA, and all were studying sciences/mathematics, and 7 of the 11 met threshold on these criteria. Test-retest and interrater reliability of the AQ was good. The AQ is thus a valuable instrument for rapidly quantifying where any given individual is situated on the continuum from autism to normality. Its potential for screening for autism spectrum conditions in adults of normal intelligence remains to be fully explored.
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              Prevalence of co-occurring mental health diagnoses in the autism population: a systematic review and meta-analysis

              Meng-Chuan Lai, Caroline Kassee, Richard M. A. Besney … (2019)
              Co-occurring mental health or psychiatric conditions are common in autism, impairing quality of life. Reported prevalences of co-occurring mental health or psychiatric conditions in people with autism range widely. Improved prevalence estimates and identification of moderators are needed to enhance recognition and care, and to guide future research.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                F. Scott Hall: Role: Academic Editor
                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Brain Sci
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Brain Sci
                Journal ID (publisher-id): brainsci
                Title: Brain Sciences
                Publisher: MDPI
                ISSN (Electronic): 2076-3425
                Publication date (Electronic): 11 June 2021
                Publication date Collection: June 2021
                Volume: 11
                Issue: 6
                Electronic Location Identifier: 774
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Psychiatry Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy; c.concerto@ 123456policlinico.unict.it (C.C.); chi4493b@ 123456gmail.com (C.A.); laura.fusarpoli@ 123456gmail.com (L.F.-P.); maria.signorelli@ 123456unict.it (M.S.S.); eugenio.aguglia@ 123456unict.it (E.A.)
                [2 ]Department of Medical Sciences, Neurology and Psychiatry, Hackensack Meridian School of Medicine, Nutley, NJ 07110, USA; fortunato.battaglia@ 123456hmhn.org
                Author notes
                [†]

                These authors contributed equally to this study as co-first authors.

                Author information
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5847-6947
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6941-9454
                https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2146-7737
                Article
                Publisher ID: brainsci-11-00774
                DOI: 10.3390/brainsci11060774
                PMC ID: 8230698
                PubMed ID: 34207989
                SO-VID: ee970a53-bf59-4262-911e-a77574b798df
                Copyright © © 2021 by the authors.
                License:

                Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license ( https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

                History
                Date received : 13 April 2021
                Date accepted : 07 June 2021
                Categories
                Subject: Article

                Keywords: autism spectrum disorder,internet gaming disorder,problematic internet use,adult,attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder,online survey,regression analysis,video games
                Data availability:
                Keywords: autism spectrum disorder, internet gaming disorder, problematic internet use, adult, attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder, online survey, regression analysis, video games

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