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      De novo DESIGN AND SYNTHESIS OF AN ICE-BINDING, DENDRIMERIC, POLYPEPTIDE BASED ON INSECT ANTIFREEZE PROTEINS Translated title: SÍNTESE E DESENHO DE NOVO DE UM POLIPEPTÍDEOS DENDRÍMERO COM UNIÂO AO GELO BASEADO NAS PROTEÍNAS ANTICONGELANTES DE INSETOS Translated title: SÍNTESIS Y DISEÑO De novo DE UN POLIPÉPTIDO DENDRÍMERO CON UNIÓN AL HIELO BASADO EN LAS PROTEINAS ANTICONGELANTES DE INSECTOS

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          Abstract

          A new strategy is presented for the design and synthesis of peptides that exhibit ice-binding and antifreeze activity. A pennant-type dendrimer polypeptide scaffoíd combining an a-helical backbone with four short (β-strand branches was synthesized in solid phase using Fmoc chemistry in a divergent approach. The 51-residue dendrimer was characterized by reverse phase high performance liquid chromatography, mass spectrometry and circular dichroism. Each (β-strand branch contained three overlapping TXT amino acid repeats, an ice-binding motif found in the ice-binding face of the spruce budworm (Choristoneura fumiferana) and beetle (Tenebrio molitor) antifreeze proteins. Ice crystals in the presence of the polypeptide monomer displayed fiat, hexagonal plate morphology, similar to that produced by weakly active antifreeze proteins. An oxidized dimeric form of the dendrimer polypeptide also produced fiat hexagonal ice crystals and was capable of inhibiting ice crystal growth upon temperature reduction, a phenomenon termed thermal hysteresis, a defining property of antifreeze proteins. Linkage of the pennant-type dendrimer to a tri-functional cascade-type polypeptide produced a trimeric macromolecule that gave flat hexagonal ice crystals with higher thermal hysteresis activity than the dimer or monomer and an ice crystal burst pattern similar to that produced by samples containing insect antifreeze proteins. This macromolecule was also capable of inhibiting ice recrystallization.

          Translated abstract

          Uma nova estratégia é apresentada para o desenho e síntese de peptídeos que se unem ao gelo e apresentam atividade anticongelante. Um polipeptídeo dendrímero do tipo pennant que combina em sua estrutura um núcleo a-hélice com quatro ramifcacoes curtas de folhas β foi sintetizado em fase sólida utilizando a química Fmoc com uma estratégia divergente. O dendrímero de 51 resíduos foi caracterizado por cromatografa líquida de alta resolução, espectrometria de massas e dicroísmo circular. Cada ramifcacao de folha (β contém três repeticoes dos motivos de aminoácidos TxT sobrepostos, um motivo de união ao gelo presente na cara de união das proteínas anticongelantes do verme de Choristoneura fumiferana e no escaravelho (Tenebrio molitor). Os cristais de gelo, em presença do polipeptídeo monomérico, apresentam urna morfologia hexagonal plana, similar à produzida pelas proteínas anticongelantes com uma atividade fraca. Um dímero oxidado do polipeptídeo também produz cristais de gelo hexagonais planos e fo-ram capazes de inibir o crescimento dos cristais de gelo à medida que a temperatura diminuia, um fenômeno conhecido como histerese térmica una propriedade que def ne as proteínas anticongelantes. A vinculação do dendrímero tipo pen-nant a um polipeptídeo tipo cascata tri-funcional produziu uma macromolécula trimérica que gerou cristais de gelo hexa-gonais planos com uma maior atividade de histerese térmica que os dímeros e os monómeros e um padrão de estouro do cristal de gelo muito similar ao produzi-do pelas amostras que contêm proteínas anticongelantes de insetos. Estas moléculas, aliás, foram capazes de inibir a recristalização do gelo.

          Translated abstract

          Una nueva estrategia se presenta para el diseño y síntesis de péptidos que se unen al hielo y evidencian actividad anticongelante. Un polipéptido dendrímero del tipo banderín, que combina en su estructura un núcleo a-hélice con cuatro ramificaciones cortas de hojas β, se sintetizó en fase sólida utilizando la química Fmoc con una estrategia divergente. El dendrímero de 51 residuos se caracterizó por cromatografía líquida de alta resolución, espectrometría de masas y dicroís-mo circular. Cada ramifcación de hoja β contiene tres repeticiones de los motivos de aminoácidos TxT sobrelapados, un motivo de unión al hielo presente en la cara de unión de las proteínas anticongelantes del gusano de brotes de abeto (Choristoneura fumiferana) y en el escarabajo (Tenebrio molitor). Los cristales de hielo en presencia del polipéptido monomérico presentan una morfología hexagonal plana, similar a la producida por las proteínas anticongelantes con una débil actividad. Un dímero oxidado del polipéptido también produce cristales de hielo hexagonales planos que fueron capaces de inhibir el crecimiento de los cristales de hielo a medida que se disminuía la temperatura, un fenómeno conocido como histéresis térmica, esto es, una propiedad que define las proteínas anticongelantes. La vinculación del dendrímero tipo banderín a un polipéptido tipo cascada trifuncional produjo una macro-molécula trimérica que generó cristales de hielo hexagonales planos con una mayor actividad de histéresis térmica que los dímeros y los monómeros y un patrón de estallido del cristal de hielo muy similar al producido por las muestras que contienen proteínas anticongelantes de insectos. Estas moléculas además fueron capaces de inhibir la recristianización del hielo.

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          NPS@: Network Protein Sequence Analysis

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            Adsorption inhibition as a mechanism of freezing resistance in polar fishes.

            Polar fishes are known to have serum proteins and glycoproteins that protect them from freezing, by a noncolligative process. Measurements of antifreeze concentrations in ice and scanning electron micrographs of freeze-dried antifreeze solutions indicate that the antifreezes are incorporated in ice during freezing. The antifreezes also have a pronounced effect on the crystal habit of ice grown in their presence. Each of four antifreezes investigated caused ice to grow in long needles whose axes were parallel to the ice c axis. Together these results indicate the antifreezes adsorb to ice surfaces and inhibit their growth. A model in which adsorbed antifreezes raise the curvature of growth steps on the ice surface is proposed to account for the observed depression of the temperature at which freezing occurs and agrees well with experimental observations. The model is similar to one previously proposed for other cases of crystal growth inhibition.
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              Synthetic peptide vaccine design: synthesis and properties of a high-density multiple antigenic peptide system.

              A convenient and versatile approach to the direct synthesis of a peptide-antigen matrix by the solid-phase method is described. The approach is called the multiple antigen peptide system (MAP) and it utilizes a simple scaffolding of a low number of sequential levels (n) of a trifunctional amino acid as the core matrix and 2n peptide antigens to form a macromolecule with a high density of peptide antigens of final Mr 10,000. The MAP model chosen for study was an octa-branching MAP consisting of a core matrix made up of three levels of lysine and eight amino terminals for anchoring peptide antigens. The MAP, containing both the core matrix and peptides of 9-16 amino acids, was prepared in a single synthesis by the solid-phase method. Six different MAPs elicited specific antibodies in rabbits and mice, of which five produced antibodies that reacted with their corresponding native proteins. In rabbits, the sera had a considerably higher titer of antibodies than sera prepared from the same peptides anchored covalently to keyhole limpet hemocyanin as carrier. Thus, the MAP provided a general, but chemically unambiguous, approach for the preparation of carrier-bound antigens of predetermined and reproducible structure and might be suitable for generating vaccines.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Journal
                rcq
                Revista Colombiana de Química
                Rev.Colomb.Quim.
                Departamento de Química, Universidad Nacional de Colombia. (Bogotá )
                0120-2804
                January 2012
                : 41
                : 1
                : 133-157
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Universidad Javeriana Colombia
                [2 ] University, Kingston Canada
                [3 ] Universidad Nacional de Colombia Colombia
                Article
                S0120-28042012000100009
                ee99d739-57bf-42cd-bd2f-58e5ad1bf388

                http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

                History
                Product

                SciELO Colombia

                Self URI (journal page): http://www.scielo.org.co/scielo.php?script=sci_serial&pid=0120-2804&lng=en
                Categories
                CHEMISTRY, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

                General chemistry
                Antifreeze protein,den-drimer,synthetic polypeptide,thermal hysteresis,ice recrystallization inhibition,proteína anticongelante,dendrímero,polipeptídeo sintético,histerese térmica,inibição da recristali-zação do gelo,polipéptido sintético,histéresis térmica,inhibición de la recristianización del hielo

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