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      Aesthetics of iris reconstruction with a custom-made artificial iris prosthesis

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          Abstract

          Patients with large iris defects not only suffer from functional disadvantages but also from aesthetic limitations. The aim of this study was to evaluate the aesthetic outcome of iris reconstruction using an artificial iris (AI). In this study, 82 eyes of 79 consecutive patients with mostly traumatic partial or total aniridia that underwent iris reconstruction surgery using a custom-made silicone AI (HumanOptics, Erlangen, Germany). Pre- and postoperative photographs of 66 patients were analysed subjectively and objectively. Subjective evaluation was based questionnaires. Objective evaluation included measurement of pupil centration and iris colour analysis. Averaged hues from iris areas were transferred to numerical values using the LAB-colour-system. Single parameters and overall difference value (ΔE) were compared between AI and remaining iris (RI), as well as AI and fellow eye iris (FI). Patients, eye doctors and laymen rated the overall aesthetic outcome with 8.9 ±1.4, 7.7 ±1.1 and 7.3 ±1.1 out of 10 points, respectively. Mean AI decentration was 0.35 ±0.24 mm. Better pupil centration correlated with a higher overall score for aesthetic outcome (p<0.05). The AI was on average 4.65 ±10 points brighter than RI and FI. Aniridia treatment using a custom-made artificial iris prosthesis offers a good aesthetic outcome. Pupil centration was a key factor that correlated with the amount of aesthetic satisfaction. The AI was on average slightly brighter than the RI and FI.

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          Automatic and intentional brain responses during evaluation of trustworthiness of faces.

          Successful social interaction partly depends on appraisal of others from their facial appearance. A critical aspect of this appraisal relates to whether we consider others to be trustworthy. We determined the neural basis for such trustworthiness judgments using event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging. Subjects viewed faces and assessed either trustworthiness or age. In a parametric factorial design, trustworthiness ratings were correlated with BOLD signal change to reveal task-independent increased activity in bilateral amygdala and right insula in response to faces judged untrustworthy. Right superior temporal sulcus (STS) showed enhanced signal change during explicit trustworthiness judgments alone. The findings extend a proposed model of social cognition by highlighting a functional dissociation between automatic engagement of amygdala versus intentional engagement of STS in social judgment.
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            Event-related brain potential correlates of emotional face processing

            Results from recent event-related brain potential (ERP) studies investigating brain processes involved in the detection and analysis of emotional facial expression are reviewed. In all experiments, emotional faces were found to trigger an increased ERP positivity relative to neutral faces. The onset of this emotional expression effect was remarkably early, ranging from 120 to 180 ms post-stimulus in different experiments where faces were either presented at fixation or laterally, and with or without non-face distractor stimuli. While broadly distributed positive deflections beyond 250 ms post-stimulus have been found in previous studies for non-face stimuli, the early frontocentrally distributed phase of this emotional positivity is most likely face-specific. Similar emotional expression effects were found for six basic emotions, suggesting that these effects are not primarily generated within neural structures specialised for the automatic detection of specific emotions. Expression effects were eliminated when attention was directed away from the location of peripherally presented emotional faces, indicating that they are not linked to pre-attentive emotional processing. When foveal faces were unattended, expression effects were attenuated, but not completely eliminated. It is suggested that these ERP correlates of emotional face processing reflect activity within a neocortical system where representations of emotional content are generated in a task-dependent fashion for the adaptive intentional control of behaviour. Given the early onset of the emotion-specific effects reviewed here, it is likely that this system is activated in parallel with the ongoing evaluation of emotional content in the amygdala and related subcortical brain circuits.
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              Predicting political elections from rapid and unreflective face judgments.

              Here we show that rapid judgments of competence based solely on the facial appearance of candidates predicted the outcomes of gubernatorial elections, the most important elections in the United States next to the presidential elections. In all experiments, participants were presented with the faces of the winner and the runner-up and asked to decide who is more competent. To ensure that competence judgments were based solely on facial appearance and not on prior person knowledge, judgments for races in which the participant recognized any of the faces were excluded from all analyses. Predictions were as accurate after a 100-ms exposure to the faces of the winner and the runner-up as exposure after 250 ms and unlimited time exposure (Experiment 1). Asking participants to deliberate and make a good judgment dramatically increased the response times and reduced the predictive accuracy of judgments relative to both judgments made after 250 ms of exposure to the faces and judgments made within a response deadline of 2 s (Experiment 2). Finally, competence judgments collected before the elections in 2006 predicted 68.6% of the gubernatorial races and 72.4% of the Senate races (Experiment 3). These effects were independent of the incumbency status of the candidates. The findings suggest that rapid, unreflective judgments of competence from faces can affect voting decisions.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: Formal analysisRole: Project administrationRole: ResourcesRole: SoftwareRole: VisualizationRole: Writing – original draft
                Role: ConceptualizationRole: Funding acquisitionRole: ResourcesRole: SupervisionRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: Data curationRole: MethodologyRole: ValidationRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: Formal analysisRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: Funding acquisitionRole: SupervisionRole: ValidationRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: ConceptualizationRole: Data curationRole: Funding acquisitionRole: InvestigationRole: MethodologyRole: Project administrationRole: SupervisionRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: Editor
                Journal
                PLoS One
                PLoS ONE
                plos
                plosone
                PLoS ONE
                Public Library of Science (San Francisco, CA USA )
                1932-6203
                13 August 2020
                2020
                : 15
                : 8
                : e0237616
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Department of Ophthalmology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
                [2 ] Department of Ophthalmology, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
                Nicolaus Copernicus University, POLAND
                Author notes

                Competing Interests: I have read the journal's policy and the authors of this manuscript have the following competing interests: T. Yildirim, H. Son, M. Masyk and C. Mayer declare that they have no conflict of interest. G. Auffarth and R. Khoramnia report grants, personal fees, non-financial support and consulting fees from Johnson&Johnson and Alcon, grants, personal fees and non-financial support from Alimera, Carl Zeiss Meditec, Hoya, Kowa, Oculentis/Teleon, Rayner, Santen, Sifi, Ursapharm, grants and personal fees from Biotech, Oculus, grants and non-financial support from EyeYon, grants from Acufocus, Anew, Contamac, Gaukos, Physiol, Rheacell, outside the submitted work. This does not alter our adherence to PLOS ONE policies on sharing data and materials.

                Author information
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3687-5082
                Article
                PONE-D-20-12357
                10.1371/journal.pone.0237616
                7425955
                32790803
                eea3e272-d31a-4cf0-ad06-17a0622dcaf3
                © 2020 Yildirim et al

                This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

                History
                : 28 April 2020
                : 29 July 2020
                Page count
                Figures: 5, Tables: 3, Pages: 12
                Funding
                Funded by: funder-id http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100010441, Medizinischen Fakultät Heidelberg, Universität Heidelberg;
                Award Recipient :
                The authors received no specific funding for this work. T. Yildirim is funded by the Physician-Scientist Program of the Heidelberg University, Faculty of Medicine.
                Categories
                Research Article
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Anatomy
                Ocular System
                Ocular Anatomy
                Iris
                Medicine and Health Sciences
                Anatomy
                Ocular System
                Ocular Anatomy
                Iris
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Anatomy
                Head
                Eyes
                Medicine and Health Sciences
                Anatomy
                Head
                Eyes
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Anatomy
                Ocular System
                Eyes
                Medicine and Health Sciences
                Anatomy
                Ocular System
                Eyes
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Anatomy
                Ocular System
                Ocular Anatomy
                Pupil
                Medicine and Health Sciences
                Anatomy
                Ocular System
                Ocular Anatomy
                Pupil
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Psychology
                Psychological Attitudes
                Social Sciences
                Psychology
                Psychological Attitudes
                Medicine and Health Sciences
                Surgical and Invasive Medical Procedures
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Bioengineering
                Biotechnology
                Medical Devices and Equipment
                Assistive Technologies
                Prosthetics
                Engineering and Technology
                Bioengineering
                Biotechnology
                Medical Devices and Equipment
                Assistive Technologies
                Prosthetics
                Medicine and Health Sciences
                Medical Devices and Equipment
                Assistive Technologies
                Prosthetics
                Computer and Information Sciences
                Artificial Intelligence
                Research and Analysis Methods
                Research Design
                Survey Research
                Questionnaires
                Custom metadata
                All relevant data are within the manuscript.

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