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      Terapia de resincronización cardíaca: importancia de los cambios vasculares periféricos en la reducción de la poscarga ventricular y mejora de la eficiencia ventricular

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          Abstract

          Resumen Introducción: la terapia de resincronización cardíaca (TRC) asociaría cambios vasculares que contribuirían a explicar sus beneficios y a comprender las diferencias en la respuesta a la terapia. Sin embargo, actualmente la evaluación de los efectos y respuesta a la TRC se centra únicamente en la estimación de los cambios en la estructura-función ventricular. Objetivo: 1) caracterizar los cambios en la poscarga y energética ventricular izquierda asociados a la TRC, y 2) analizar la importancia de los cambios vasculares periféricos en el desempeño ventricular postTRC. Método: en 25 pacientes (14 hombres, 61±12 años) consecutivos derivados para TRC, se evaluaron parámetros estándar de estructura y función ventricular y arterial, antes y después de TRC. Se obtuvo la presión aórtica central, el gasto cardíaco (GC), la carga arterial neta, poscarga y sus determinantes. Resultado: la TRC resultó en aumento del GC y la complacencia arterial, y en reducción de la resistencia vascular periférica (RVP), impedancia aórtica, diámetros y volúmenes ventriculares (p<0,05). La conjunción de cambios ventrículo-arteriales resultó en reducción de poscarga (-19%). Si no hubiera caída de la RVP, la poscarga aumentaría (~44-56%), con reducción de la eficiencia ventricular. Conclusión: la TRC resulta en reducción de la poscarga por cambios en las diferentes componentes de carga. Los beneficios de la TRC en términos de desempeño ventricular y reducción de la poscarga se explican por cambios ventriculares y vasculares (simultáneos). La mejora ventricular con aumento del GC sin cambios vasculares periféricos asociados resultaría en detrimento de las condiciones de trabajo ventricular (aumento de poscarga)

          Translated abstract

          Introduction: cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) would associate vascular changes that could contribute to CRT’s benefits and to understand differences in patients’ capability to respond to the therapy. However, when evaluating CRT’s working mechanisms and defining responders or non-responders only structural-functional cardiac changes are considered. Aims: 1) to evaluate CRT short-term effects on cardiac energetics and afterload, and 2) to analyze the meaning of the peripheral vascular changes in the ventricle performance after-CRT. Methods: cardiac and aortic echographies were done in 25 patients (age: 61±12 years; 14 men) before and after CRT. Standard structural, functional parameters and dyssynchrony indices were evaluated. Central pressure was derived using a transfer function and the diameter calibration method. Calculus: cardiac output, afterload, net arterial load and its determinants (central and peripheral components). Results: CRT resulted in an increase in cardiac output and arterial compliance, and in a reduction in peripheral vascular resistances, aortic impedance and ventricular volumes (p<0,05). The cardiac and vascular changes associated with CRT determined an afterload reduction (-19%). Without a reduction in peripheral vascular resistances, CRT would result in an afterload increase (~44-56%) and in a reduction in the ventricle efficiency. Conclusion: early after CRT central and peripheral arterial biomechanics improved, with a reduction in net arterial load. Simultaneous ventricular and vascular changes explain CRT benefits. An enhanced ventricular performance and cardiac output without peripheral vascular changes would result in detrimental changes in the ventricle’s working conditions (increased afterload)

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          Estimation of central aortic pressure waveform by mathematical transformation of radial tonometry pressure. Validation of generalized transfer function.

          Central aortic pressures and waveform convey important information about cardiovascular status, but direct measurements are invasive. Peripheral pressures can be measured noninvasively, and although they often differ substantially from central pressures, they may be mathematically transformed to approximate the latter. We tested this approach, examining intersubject and intrasubject variability and the validity of using a single averaged transformation, which would enhance its applicability. Invasive central aortic pressure by micromanometer and radial pressure by automated tonometry were measured in 20 patients at steady state and during hemodynamic transients (Valsalva maneuver, abdominal compression, nitroglycerin, or vena caval obstruction). For each patient, transfer functions (TFs) between aortic and radial pressures were calculated by parametric model and results averaged to yield individual TFs. A generalized TF was the average of individual functions. TFs varied among patients, with coefficients of variation for peak amplitude and frequency at peak amplitude of 24.9% and 16.9%, respectively. Intrapatient TF variance with altered loading (> 20% variation in peak amplitude) was observed in 28.5% of patients. Despite this, the generalized TF estimated central arterial pressures to < or = 0.2 +/- 3.8 mm Hg error, arterial compliance to 6 +/- 7% accuracy, and augmentation index to within -7% points (30 +/- 45% accuracy). Individual TFs were only marginally superior to the generalized TF for reconstructing central pressures. Central aortic pressures can be accurately estimated from radial tonometry with the use of a generalized TF. The reconstructed waveform can provide arterial compliance estimates but may underestimate the augmentation index because the latter requires greater fidelity reproduction of the wave contour.
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            Left ventricular interaction with arterial load studied in isolated canine ventricle.

            We developed a framework of analysis to predict the stroke volume (SV) resulting from the complex mechanical interaction between the ventricle and its arterial system. In this analysis, we characterized both the left ventricle and the arterial system by their end systolic pressure (Ps)-SV relationships and predicted SV from the intersection of the two relationship lines. The final output of the analysis was a formula that gives the SV for a given preload as a function of the ventricular properties (Ees, V0, and ejection time) and the arterial impedance properties (modeled in terms of a 3-element Windkessel). To test the validity of this framework for analyzing the ventriculoarterial interaction, we first determined the ventricular properties under a specific set of control arterial impedance conditions. With the ventricular properties thus obtained, we used the analytical formula to predict SVs under various combinations of noncontrol arterial impedance conditions and four preloads. The predicted SVs were compared with those measured while actually imposing the identical set of arterial impedance conditions and preload in eight isolated canine ventricles. The predicted SV was highly correlated (P less than 0.0001) with the measured one in all ventricles. The average correlation coefficient was 0.985 +/- 0.004 (SE), the slope 1.00 +/- 0.04, and the gamma-axis intercept 1.0 +/- 0.2 ml, indicating the accuracy of the prediction. We conclude that the representations of ventricle and arterial system by their Ps-SV relationships are useful in understanding how these two systems determine SV when they are coupled and interact.
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              Echocardiography for cardiac resynchronization therapy: recommendations for performance and reporting--a report from the American Society of Echocardiography Dyssynchrony Writing Group endorsed by the Heart Rhythm Society.

              Echocardiography plays an evolving and important role in the care of heart failure patients treated with biventricular pacing, or cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT). Numerous recent published reports have utilized echocardiographic techniques to potentially aide in patient selection for CRT prior to implantation and to optimized device settings afterwards. However, no ideal approach has yet been found. This consensus report evaluates the contemporary applications of echocardiography for CRT including relative strengths and technical limitations of several techniques and proposes guidelines regarding current and possible future clinical applications. Principal methods advised to qualify abnormalities in regional ventricular activation, known as dyssynchrony, include longitudinal velocities by color-coded tissue Doppler and the difference in left ventricular to right ventricular ejection using routine pulsed Doppler, or interventricular mechanical delay. Supplemental measures of radial dynamics which may be of additive value include septal-to-posterior wall delay using M-mode in patients with non-ischemic disease with technically high quality data, or using speckle tracking radial strain. A simplified post-CRT screening for atrioventricular optimization using Doppler mitral inflow velocities is also proposed. Since this is rapidly changing field with new information being added frequently, future modification and refinements in approach are anticipated to continue.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
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                Journal
                ruc
                Revista Uruguaya de Cardiología
                Rev.Urug.Cardiol.
                Sociedad Uruguaya de Cardiología (Montevideo )
                1688-0420
                April 2012
                : 27
                : 1
                : 28-43
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Universidad de la República (UdelaR)
                [2 ] Sanatorio Casa de Galicia
                [3 ] Sanatorio Casa de Galicia
                Article
                S1688-04202012000100007
                eeb1acc2-c9b1-4b03-a5e5-f4f4ae5a1f6a

                http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

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                Product

                SciELO Uruguay

                Self URI (journal page): http://www.scielo.edu.uy/scielo.php?script=sci_serial&pid=1688-0420&lng=en
                Categories
                CARDIAC & CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEMS
                MEDICINE, GENERAL & INTERNAL
                SURGERY

                Surgery,Cardiovascular Medicine,Internal medicine
                ARTERIES,ARTERIAS,BIOMECÁNICA,ELECTROFISIOLOGÍA CARDÍACA,INSUFICIENCIA CARDÍACA,RESISTENCIA VASCULAR PERIFÉRICA,TERAPIA DE RESINCRONIZACIÓN CARDÍACA,BIOMECHANICS,CARDIAC ELECTROPHYSIOLOGY,HEART FAILURE,VASCULAR PERIPHERAL RESISTANCE,CARDIAC RESYNCHRONIZATION THERAPY

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