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      Community engagement in the Faculty of Health Science: A concept analysis

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          Abstract

          Background

          Community engagement has been given different interpretations by scholars and organisations; in addition, current scientific literature has not reached a consensus on how it is defined. This difference in conceptualisation may lead to confusion regarding the meaning. The researcher observed that academic staff from the Faculty of Health Science at an institution of higher education in Namibia are not certain of what counts as community engagement. This has led to some activities from the faculty being cancelled from the institutional review reports as they were not recognised as community engagement.

          Aim

          The aim of this article is to describe the concept analysis of community engagement.

          Setting

          the study took place at a faculty of health science at a university in Namibia.

          Method

          Concept analysis was done in accordance with the eight steps of the Walker and Avant model. A literature search was conducted to capture all potential definitions and uses of community engagement. A total of 225 definitions and uses of community engagement were recorded and used in the concept analysis. A list of definitions and uses of the concept of community engagement were documented with their citations, in a table with three columns. The first column (analysis) consisted of the identified definitions and uses of community engagement from the relevant literature. The second column (synthesis) consisted of reduced statements of the content presented in the first column. The third column (derivation) consisted of the final reduction into categories and connotations derived from the second column.

          Findings

          Three broad categories were revealed as findings: (1) the antecedents of community engagement, which included community challenges, health inequalities, societal needs and the need for a social responsive approach in education, research and services; (2) a three-phase process of community engagement; and (3) the outcomes of community engagement. A theoretical definition and a conceptual map for the concept of community engagement were drawn from the findings.

          Recommendation

          The results of the concept analysis of community engagement will be used to develop strategies for its facilitation in the Faculty of Health Science.

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          Most cited references54

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          Measuring health inequalities in the context of sustainable development goals

          Abstract Transforming our world: the 2030 agenda for sustainable development promotes the improvement of health equity, which entails ongoing monitoring of health inequalities. The World Health Organization has developed a multistep approach to health inequality monitoring consisting of: (i) determining the scope of monitoring; (ii) obtaining data; (iii) analysing data; (iv) reporting results; and (v) implementing changes. Technical considerations at each step have implications for the results and conclusions of monitoring and subsequent remedial actions. This paper presents some technical considerations for developing or strengthening health inequality monitoring, with the aim of encouraging more robust, systematic and transparent practices. We discuss key aspects of measuring health inequalities that are relevant to steps (i) and (iii). We highlight considerations related to the selection, measurement and categorization of dimensions of health inequality, as well as disaggregation of health data and calculation of summary measures of inequality. Inequality monitoring is linked to health and non-health aspects of the 2030 agenda for sustainable development, and strong health inequality monitoring practices can help to inform equity-oriented policy directives.
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            10 Best resources for community engagement in implementation research

            Abstract Implementation research (IR) focuses on understanding how and why interventions produce their effects in a given context. This often requires engaging a broad array of stakeholders at multiple levels of the health system. Whereas a variety of tools and approaches exist to facilitate stakeholder engagement at the national or institutional level, there is a substantial gap in the IR literature about how best to do this at the local or community level. Similarly, although there is extensive guidance on community engagement within the context of clinical trials—for HIV/AIDS in particular—the same cannot be said for IR. We identified a total of 59 resources by using a combination of online searches of the peer-reviewed and grey literature, as well as crowd-sourcing through the Health Systems Global platform. The authors then completed two rounds of rating the resources to identify the ‘10 best’. The resources were rated based on considerations of their relevance to IR, existence of an underlying conceptual framework, comprehensiveness of guidance, ease of application, and evidence of successful application in low- or middle-income countries or relevant contexts. These 10 resources can help implementation researchers think strategically and practically about how best to engage community stakeholders to improve the quality, meaningfulness, and application of their results in order to improve health and health systems outcomes. Building on the substantial work that has already been done in the context of clinical trials, there is a need for clearer and more specific guidance on how to incorporate relevant and effective community engagement approaches into IR project planning and implementation.
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              Enablers and Barriers to Community Engagement in Public Health Emergency Preparedness: A Literature Review

              Public health emergency preparedness (PHEP) all too often focusses only on institutional capabilities, including their technical expertise and political influence, while overlooking community capabilities. However, the success of institutional emergency preparedness plans depends upon communities and institutions working together to ensure successful anticipation, response and recovery. Broader community engagement is therefore recommended worldwide. This literature review was carried out to identify enablers and barriers to community and institutional synergies in emergency preparedness. Searches were undertaken across bibliographic databases and grey literature sources. The literature identified was qualitative in nature. A qualitative, ‘best fit’ framework approach using a pre-existing framework was used to analyse the literature, whereby themes were added and changed as analysis progressed. A working definition of community was identified, based on a ‘whole community’ approach, inclusive of the whole multitude of stakeholders including community residents and emergency management staff. Given the diversity in community make-up, the types of emergencies that could be faced, the socio-economic, environmental and political range of communities, there are no set practices that will be effective for all communities. The most effective way of engaging communities in emergency preparedness is context-dependent and the review did draw out some important key messages for institutions to consider.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Health SA
                Health SA
                HSAG
                Health SA Gesondheid
                AOSIS
                1025-9848
                2071-9736
                26 November 2020
                2020
                : 25
                : 1403
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Department of Nursing, Faculty of Health Science, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa
                Author notes
                Corresponding author: Vistolina Nuuyoma, vistolina.nuuyoma@ 123456gmail.com
                Author information
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5744-1355
                https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5371-5729
                Article
                HSAG-25-1403
                10.4102/hsag.v25i0.1403
                7736662
                eeb8c9bc-bbd0-4534-9624-325f9034ead1
                © 2020. The Authors

                Licensee: AOSIS. This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution License.

                History
                : 13 January 2020
                : 02 September 2020
                Categories
                Review Article

                concept analysis,community engagement,community service,higher education,health science

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