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      Empatia en estudiantes de enfermería de la Universidad Mayor, sede Temuco, IX región, Chile Translated title: Empathy in Nursing Students at the Universidad Mayor, Temuco Campus, IX Region, Chile Translated title: Empatia em estudantes de enfermagem da Universidad Mayor, Sede Temuco, IX região, Chile

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          Abstract

          Objetivo: estimar la orientación empática y el comportamiento de la estructura del constructo empatia en los estudiantes de enfermería de la Universidad Mayor, sede Temuco (Chile). Materiales y métodos: se aplicó la Escala de Empatia Médica de Jefferson en la versión en español para estudiantes, validada culturalmente mediante criterio de jueces. Se estimó confiabilidad interna mediante la prueba alfa de Cronbach y aditividad de Tukey. Las medias de las sumatorias de los datos de los sujetos fueron comparadas mediante Anova bifactorial y prueba de Duncan. Se emplearon las pruebas de adecuación muestral. Los componentes fueron estimados por medio de una prueba factorial de componentes principales con rotación varimax. Resultados: la escala mostró confiabilidad. Existen diferencias de orientación empática entre los cursos, pero no en el género; se observaron seis componentes. Conclusiones: los estudiantes de enfermeria se caracterizan por tener niveles de empatia relativamente altos, los cuales no difieren entre los géneros y existe una tendencia a su aumento a medida que los cursos avanzan.

          Translated abstract

          Objective: Estimate the empathic orientation and behavior of the structure of the empathy construct in nursing students at the Universidad Mayor, Temuco Campus (Chile). Materials and methods: The Spanish version of the Jefferson Scale of Physician Empathy for students was applied. It is culturally validated through criteria for judges. Internal reliability was estimated using Cronbach's alpha test and Tukey's additivity test. The averages of the summations of the data on the participants were compared through a two-way ANOVA and Duncan's test. Sampling adequacy tests were conducted. The components were estimated through a factor analysis of the principal components with varimax rotation. Results: The scale showed reliability. There are differences in empathic orientation among the courses, but not in terms of gender; six components were observed. Conclusions: Nursing students are characterized by having relatively high levels of empathy, which did not differ between genders, and there is a tendency for empathy to increase as the courses progress.

          Translated abstract

          Objetivo: estimar a orientação empática e o comportamento da estrutura do construto empatia nos estudantes de enfermagem da Universidad Mayor, Sede Temuco (Chile). Materiais e métodos: aplicou-se a Escala de Empatia Médica de Jefferson na versão em espanhol para estudantes, validada culturalmente mediante critério de juízes. Estimou-se confiabilidade interna por meio da prova alfa de Cronbach e aditividade de Tukey. As médias das somatórias dos dados dos sujeitos foram comparadas mediante Anova bifatorial e a prova de Duncan. Empregaram-se as provas de adequação amostral. Os componentes foram estimados por uma prova fatorial de componentes principais com rotação varimax. Resultados: a escala mostrou confiabilidade. Existem diferenças de orientação empática entre os cursos, mas não no gênero; observaram-se seis componentes. Conclusões: os estudantes de enfermagem se caracterizam por ter níveis de empatia relativamente altos, os quais não diferem entre os gêneros e existe uma tendência a seu aumento à medida que os cursos avançam.

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          Two systems for empathy: a double dissociation between emotional and cognitive empathy in inferior frontal gyrus versus ventromedial prefrontal lesions.

          Recent evidence suggests that there are two possible systems for empathy: a basic emotional contagion system and a more advanced cognitive perspective-taking system. However, it is not clear whether these two systems are part of a single interacting empathy system or whether they are independent. Additionally, the neuroanatomical bases of these systems are largely unknown. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that emotional empathic abilities (involving the mirror neuron system) are distinct from those related to cognitive empathy and that the two depend on separate anatomical substrates. Subjects with lesions in the ventromedial prefrontal (VM) or inferior frontal gyrus (IFG) cortices and two control groups were assessed with measures of empathy that incorporate both cognitive and affective dimensions. The findings reveal a remarkable behavioural and anatomic double dissociation between deficits in cognitive empathy (VM) and emotional empathy (IFG). Furthermore, precise anatomical mapping of lesions revealed Brodmann area 44 to be critical for emotional empathy while areas 11 and 10 were found necessary for cognitive empathy. These findings are consistent with these cortices being different in terms of synaptic hierarchy and phylogenetic age. The pattern of empathy deficits among patients with VM and IFG lesions represents a first direct evidence of a double dissociation between emotional and cognitive empathy using the lesion method.
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            Aproximación al uso del coeficiente alfa de Cronbach

            Introducción: Las escalas se usan frecuentemente en la investigación y en la práctica clínica de la psiquiatría. No obstante, todas las escalas deben ser formalmente validadas antes, con el propósito de conocer de las propiedades psicométricas en una población específica. Descripción: Las escalas pueden ser validadas con el uso de un patrón de referencia o sin él; la segunda opción es la única forma de validar algunos instrumentos. Establecer la consistencia interna de una escala es una aproximación a la validación del constructo y consiste en la cuantificación de la correlación que existe entre los ítems que la componen. Valores de alfa de Cronbach entre 0,70 y 0,90 indican una buena consistencia interna. La determinación del alfa de Cronbach se indica para escalas unidimensionales entre tres y veinte ítems. Se debe informar este valor cada vez que se emplee la escala y puede usarse como única medida de validez cuando es difícil una validación con un patrón de referencia.
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              Empathy in senior year and first year medical students: a cross-sectional study

              Background The importance of fostering the development of empathy in undergraduate students is continuously emphasized in international recommendations for medical education. Paradoxically, some studies in the North-American context using self-reported measures have found that empathy declines during undergraduate medical training. Empathy is also known to be gender dependent- (highest for female medical students) and related to specialty preference - (higher in patient-oriented than technology-oriented specialties). This factor has not been studied in Portuguese medical schools. Methods This is a cross-sectional study of undergraduate medical students on self-rated measures of empathy collected at entrance and at the conclusion of the medical degree, and on the association of empathy measures with gender and specialty preferences in one medical school in Portugal. Empathy was assessed using the Portuguese adaptation of the Jefferson Scale of Physician Empathy-students version (JSPE-spv) among three cohorts of undergraduate medical students in the first (N = 356) and last (N = 120) year. The construct validity of JSPE-spv was cross-validated with Principal Component Analysis and Confirmatory Factor Analysis. Reliability was assessed using Cronbach' Alpha. Global JSPE-spv score differences were examined by year of medical school, gender and specialty preferences (people-oriented vs technology-oriented specialties). Results The empathy scores of students in the final year were higher as compared to first year students (F (1,387) = 19.33, p < .001, ɳ2 p = 0.48; π = 0.99). Female students had higher empathy scores than male students (F (1,387) = 8.82, p < .01, ɳ 2 p = 0.23; π = 0.84). Significant differences in empathy were not found between the students who prefer people-oriented specialties compared to those who favor the technology-oriented specialties (F (1,387) = 2.44, p = .12, ɳ 2 p = 0.06; π = 0.06). Conclusions This cross-sectional study in one medical school in Portugal showed that the empathy measures of senior year students were higher than the scores of freshmen. A longitudinal cohort study is needed to test variations in students' empathy measures throughout medical school.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Journal
                aqui
                Aquichán
                Aquichán
                Universidad de La Sabana (Bogotá )
                1657-5997
                September 2014
                : 14
                : 3
                : 388-402
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Universidad San Sebastián Chile
                [2 ] Escuela de Enfermería Chile
                [3 ] Escuela de Psicología Chile
                [4 ] Universidad Mayor Chile
                [5 ] Universidad del Norte Colombia
                [6 ] Servicio de Salud Metropolitano Occidente Chile
                [7 ] Universidad del Norte Colombia
                Article
                S1657-59972014000300009
                10.5294/aqui.2014.14.3.9
                eecd354b-0de1-485a-98f3-e71615e62f3f

                http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

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                SciELO Colombia

                Self URI (journal page): http://www.scielo.org.co/scielo.php?script=sci_serial&pid=1657-5997&lng=en
                Categories
                NURSING

                Nursing
                Nursing students,empathy,nursing,Estudantes de enfermagem,empatia,enfermagem,Estudiantes de enfermería,empatía,enfermería

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