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      AGRICULTURA SOSTENIBLE EN ECOSISTEMAS DE ALTA MONTAÑA Translated title: SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE IN HIGH MOUNTAIN ECOSYSTEMS Translated title: AGRICULTURA SUSTENTÁVEL NO ECOSSISTEMAS DE ALTA MONTANHA

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          Abstract

          La agricultura como principal actividad del desarrollo económico rural en Colombia ha sido implementada con diferentes estrategias desde la época precolombina. Los ecosistemas de la alta montaña no han sido ajenos a esta realidad, y particularmente en las zonas de Páramo del Cauca, el intento por favorecer la prevalencia de un modelo altamente productivo e intensivo en el uso del suelo ha conllevado al detrimento de la diversidad socio-ecológica, la rápida expansión de la frontera agropecuaria en áreas estratégicas, la pérdida del conocimiento tradicional sobre el uso de la tierra y el bajo rendimiento de los cultivos que ha implicado mayor incorporación de fertilizantes al suelo amenazando estos sistemas vulnerables en la alta montaña. Sin embargo, es común encontrar en diferentes localidades paramunas caucanas comunidades indígenas y campesinas que reconocen la necesidad de cambiar los sistemas productivos que han venido empleando debido a la disminución de la fertilidad del suelo que limita la comercialización de sus productos y a la problemática ambiental asociada, en este sentido, el acompañamiento institucional en este proceso es vital para favorecer la implementación de procesos sostenibles de forma integral.

          Translated abstract

          The agriculture as the main activity of rural economic development in Colombia has been implemented with different strategies since pre-Columbian times. The high mountain ecosystems have not been immune to this reality, particularly in the areas of Paramo in the department of Cauca, the attempt to promote an highly productive model with intensive use of soil has led to the detriment of socio-ecological diversity, the rapid expansion of the agricultural frontier in strategic areas, the loss of traditional knowledge on the use of land and low crop yields has resulted in increased incorporation of fertilizer to the ground, threatening these vulnerable systems of the high mountains. However, it is common to find in different locations of Paramo in Cauca indigenous and peasant communities that recognize the need to change production systems that have been employed due to the declining of soil fertility and the limitations on the marketing of their products, in this sense, the institutional support in this process is vital to promote the implementation of sustainable processes using integral strategies.

          Translated abstract

          Da Agricultura como a principal atividade de desenvolvimento econômico rural na Colômbia foi implementado com diferentes estratégias desde o tempos pré-colombianos. Os ecossistemas de alta montanha não ficaram imunes a esta realidade, particularmente em áreas do Paramo do Cauca, a tentativa para promover um modelo altamente produtivo e intensivo no uso da terra levou em detrimento da diversidade socio-ecologica, a rápida expansão da fronteira agrícola em áreas estratégicas, a perda do conhecimento tradicional sobre o uso da terra e as baixas colheitas resultou em aumento da incorporação de fertilizantes para o solo ameaçando esses sistemas vulneráveis nas montanhas. Porém, é comum encontrar em comunidades locais indígenas e camponesas do paramo caucano que reconhecem a necessidade de mudar os sistemas de produção que têm sido utilizados devido ao declínio da fertilidade do solo y as limitações na comercialização dos seus produtos, nesse sentido, o apoio institucional neste processo é vital para promover a implementação de processos sustentáveis deforma abrangente.

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          Understanding the Complexity of Economic, Ecological, and Social Systems

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            Adaptive management for a turbulent future.

            The challenges that face humanity today differ from the past because as the scale of human influence has increased, our biggest challenges have become global in nature, and formerly local problems that could be addressed by shifting populations or switching resources, now aggregate (i.e., "scale up") limiting potential management options. Adaptive management is an approach to natural resource management that emphasizes learning through management based on the philosophy that knowledge is incomplete and much of what we think we know is actually wrong. Adaptive management has explicit structure, including careful elucidation of goals, identification of alternative management objectives and hypotheses of causation, and procedures for the collection of data followed by evaluation and reiteration. It is evident that adaptive management has matured, but it has also reached a crossroads. Practitioners and scientists have developed adaptive management and structured decision making techniques, and mathematicians have developed methods to reduce the uncertainties encountered in resource management, yet there continues to be misapplication of the method and misunderstanding of its purpose. Ironically, the confusion over the term "adaptive management" may stem from the flexibility inherent in the approach, which has resulted in multiple interpretations of "adaptive management" that fall along a continuum of complexity and a priori design. Adaptive management is not a panacea for the navigation of 'wicked problems' as it does not produce easy answers, and is only appropriate in a subset of natural resource management problems where both uncertainty and controllability are high. Nonetheless, the conceptual underpinnings of adaptive management are simple; there will always be inherent uncertainty and unpredictability in the dynamics and behavior of complex social-ecological systems, but management decisions must still be made, and whenever possible, we should incorporate learning into management. Published by Elsevier Ltd.
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              Pre-Columbian agricultural landscapes, ecosystem engineers, and self-organized patchiness in Amazonia.

              The scale and nature of pre-Columbian human impacts in Amazonia are currently hotly debated. Whereas pre-Columbian people dramatically changed the distribution and abundance of species and habitats in some parts of Amazonia, their impact in other parts is less clear. Pioneer research asked whether their effects reached even further, changing how ecosystems function, but few in-depth studies have examined mechanisms underpinning the resilience of these modifications. Combining archeology, archeobotany, paleoecology, soil science, ecology, and aerial imagery, we show that pre-Columbian farmers of the Guianas coast constructed large raised-field complexes, growing on them crops including maize, manioc, and squash. Farmers created physical and biogeochemical heterogeneity in flat, marshy environments by constructing raised fields. When these fields were later abandoned, the mosaic of well-drained islands in the flooded matrix set in motion self-organizing processes driven by ecosystem engineers (ants, termites, earthworms, and woody plants) that occur preferentially on abandoned raised fields. Today, feedbacks generated by these ecosystem engineers maintain the human-initiated concentration of resources in these structures. Engineer organisms transport materials to abandoned raised fields and modify the structure and composition of their soils, reducing erodibility. The profound alteration of ecosystem functioning in these landscapes coconstructed by humans and nature has important implications for understanding Amazonian history and biodiversity. Furthermore, these landscapes show how sustainability of food-production systems can be enhanced by engineering into them follows that maintain ecosystem services and biodiversity. Like anthropogenic dark earths in forested Amazonia, these self-organizing ecosystems illustrate the ecological complexity of the legacy of pre-Columbian land use.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Journal
                bsaa
                Biotecnología en el Sector Agropecuario y Agroindustrial
                Rev.Bio.Agro
                Taller Editorial Universidad del Cauca (Popayán )
                1692-3561
                June 2015
                : 13
                : 1
                : 129-138
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Universidad del Cauca Colombia
                [2 ] Universidad del Cauca Colombia
                [3 ] Universidad del Cauca Colombia
                Article
                S1692-35612015000100015
                10.18684/BSAA(13)129-138
                eee5c8c9-4806-46cf-804a-1dd2a3490923

                http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

                History
                Product

                SciELO Colombia

                Self URI (journal page): http://www.scielo.org.co/scielo.php?script=sci_serial&pid=1692-3561&lng=en
                Categories
                AGRICULTURE, DAIRY & ANIMAL SCIENCE

                Animal agriculture
                Land use,Crops,Paramo,Socio-ecological diversity,Uso da Terra,Cultivo,Diversidade sócio-ecológica,Uso de la Tierra,Cultivos,Páramos,Diversidad socioecológica

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