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      Specificity of weightlifting bench exercises in kayaking sprint performance: A perspective for neuromuscular training

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          Abstract

          Several studies showed significant differences between bench lift exercises without investigating which is more related, in biomechanical and neuromuscular terms, to improve the sprint flatwater kayak performance. This study aims to compare the power-load and velocity-load neuromuscular parameters performed in prone bench pull (PBP), and bench press (BP) exercises to identify which of them meet the gesture specificity in sprint flatwater kayak performance. Ten elite kayakers participated in this study. Power-load, velocity-load relationships, the maximum dynamic strength, and the kayak sprint performance test were assessed. The power-load and velocity-load relationships showed significant differences between the PBP and BP for each considered load. The kayakers showed a significant correlation between maximum power performed on the PBP and the maximum velocity reached in the kayak sprint (r = 0.80, p < 0.01) and the stroke frequency (r = 0.61, p < 0.05). Conversely, the maximum power performed on the BP did not correlate with the kinematic parameters analyzed. In addition, the maximum dynamic strength in the PBP and BP did not correlate with the maximum velocity and stroke frequency. Furthermore, no significant difference was observed in both the bench exercises for the maximum dynamic strength ( p > 0.05). The results of this study suggest that the maximal muscular power expressed in PBP exercise only seems to be more specific in kayak velocity performance compared with maximal dynamic strength and with all dynamic parameters recorded in the BP. This will allow coaches and trainers to use specific bench exercises for specific neuromuscular kayakers’ adaptations during the whole competitive season.

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          Most cited references46

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          Functional and clinical significance of skeletal muscle architecture.

          Skeletal muscle architecture is the structural property of whole muscles that dominates their function. This review describes the basic architectural properties of human upper and lower extremity muscles. The designs of various muscle groups in humans and other species are analyzed from the point of view of optimizing function. Muscle fiber arrangement and motor unit arrangement is discussed in terms of the control of movement. Finally, the ability of muscles to change their architecture in response to immobilization, eccentric exercise, and surgical tendon transfer is reviewed. Future integrative physiological studies will provide insights into the mechanisms by which such adaptations occur. It is likely that muscle fibers transduce both stress and strain and respond by modifying sarcomere number in a way more suited to the new biomechanical environment. Copyright 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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            Effects of long-term training specificity on maximal strength and power of the upper and lower extremities in athletes from different sports.

            Maximal concentric one repetition maximum half-squat (1RM(HS)), bench-press (1RM(BP)), power-load curves during concentric actions with loads ranging from 30% to 100% of 1RM(HS) and 1RM(BP)were examined in 70 male subjects divided into five groups: weightlifters (WL, n=11), handball players (HP, n=19), amateur road cyclists (RC, n=18), middle-distance runners (MDR, n=10) and age-matched control subjects (C, n=12). The 1RM(HS)values in WL, HP and RC were 50%, 29% and 28% greater, respectively, ( P<0.001-0.01) than those recorded for MDR and C. The half-squat average power outputs at all loads examined (from 30% to 100%) in WL and HP ( P<0.001 at 45% and 60% with HP) were higher ( P<0.05-0.001) than those in MDR, RC and C. Average power output at the load of 30% of 1RM(HS) in RC was higher ( P<0.05) than that recorded in MDR and C. Maximal power output was produced at the load of 60% for HP, MDR and C, and at the load of 45% for WL and RC. The 1RM(BP) in WL was larger ( P<0.05) than those recorded in HP, RC, MDR and C. In the bench press, average muscle power outputs in WL and HP were higher ( P<0.05-0.001) than those in MDR, RC and C, and were maximized at a load of 30% of 1RM for WL and HP, and at 45% for RC, MDR and C. In addition, the velocities that elicited the maximal power in the lower extremities were lower ( approximately 0.75 m.s(-1)) than those occurring in the upper extremities ( approximately 1 m.s(-1)). The data suggest that the magnitude of the sport-related differences in strength and/or muscle power output may be explained in part by differences in muscle cross-sectional area, fibre type distribution and in the muscle mechanics of the upper and lower limbs as well as by training background.
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              Endurance and neuromuscular changes in world-class level kayakers during a periodized training cycle.

              This study was undertaken to analyze changes in selected cardiovascular and neuromuscular variables in a group of elite kayakers across a 12-week periodized cycle of combined strength and endurance training. Eleven world-class level paddlers underwent a battery of tests and were assessed four times during the training cycle (T0, T1, T2, and T3). On each occasion subjects completed an incremental test to exhaustion on the kayak-ergometer to determine maximal oxygen uptake (VO(2max)), second ventilatory threshold (VT2), peak blood lactate, paddling speed at VO(2max) (PS(max)) and at VT2 (PS(VT2)), stroke rate at VO(2max) and at VT2, heart rate at VO(2max) and at VT2. One-repetition maximum (1RM) and mean velocity with 45% 1RM load (V (45%)) were assessed in the bench press (BP) and prone bench pull (PBP) exercises. Anthropometric measurements (skinfold thicknesses and muscle girths) were also obtained. Training volume and exercise intensity were quantified for each of three training phases (P1, P2, and P3). Significant improvements in VO(2max) (9.5%), VO(2) at VT2 (9.4%), PS(max) (6.2%), PS(VT2) (4.4%), 1RM in BP (4.2%) and PBP (5.3%), V (45%) in BP (14.4%) and PBP (10.0%) were observed from T0 to T3. A 12-week periodized strength and endurance program with special emphasis on prioritizing the sequential development of specific physical fitness components in each training phase (i.e. muscle hypertrophy and VT2 in P1, and maximal strength and aerobic power in P2) seems effective for improving both cardiovascular and neuromuscular markers of highly trained top-level athletes.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Journal
                Front Physiol
                Front Physiol
                Front. Physiol.
                Frontiers in Physiology
                Frontiers Media S.A.
                1664-042X
                22 July 2022
                2022
                : 13
                : 898468
                Affiliations
                [1] 1 Department for Life Quality Studies University of Bologna , Bologna, Italy
                [2] 2 Sport Engineering Lab , Department Industrial Engineering , University of Rome “Tor Vergata” , Rome, Italy
                [3] 3 Department of Human Neuroscience , Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry , Sapienza University of Rome , Rome, Italy
                [4] 4 Sport and Exercise Sciences Research Unit , Department of Psychology , Educational Science and Human Movement , University of Palermo , Palermo, Italy
                [5] 5 Italian Canoe/Kayak Federation (FICK) , Rome, Italy
                [6] 6 Department of Physiotherapy , Isra University , Amman, Jordan
                [7] 7 Department of Medicine Systems , University of Rome “Tor Vergata” , Rome, Italy
                [8] 8 Centre of Space Bio-Medicine , “Tor Vergata” University of Rome , Rome, Italy
                [9] 9 Department of Human Science and Promotion of Quality of Life , San Raffaele Open University of Rome , Rome, Italy
                Author notes

                Edited by: Amador García Ramos, University of Granada, Spain

                Reviewed by: Dustin J. Oranchuk, Auckland University of Technology, New Zealand

                Danny Lum, Sport Singapore, Singapore

                *Correspondence: Giuseppe Annino, g_annino@ 123456hotmail.com

                This article was submitted to Exercise Physiology, a section of the journal Frontiers in Physiology

                Article
                898468
                10.3389/fphys.2022.898468
                9354820
                35936907
                eef3e73f-593a-4409-aafb-5fba01d853f2
                Copyright © 2022 Romagnoli, Gatta, Lamouchideli, Bianco, Loddo, Alashram, Bonaiuto, Annino and Padua.

                This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

                History
                : 17 March 2022
                : 01 July 2022
                Categories
                Physiology
                Original Research

                Anatomy & Physiology
                optimal load,power-based training,sprint performance,propulsive force,resistance training

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