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      Diagnóstico y tratamiento de enfermedad vascular periférica. Revisión bibliográfica Translated title: Diagnosis and treatment of peripheral vascular disease. Literature review

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          Abstract

          Resumen La enfermedad arterial periférica tiene lugar debido a la obstrucción a nivel arterial. Esta obstrucción está dada principalmente por la ateroesclerosis resultante a su vez de la acumulación de lípidos y de material fibroso entre la túnica íntima y muscular propia de la pared de los vasos sanguíneos. La consecuente disminución del flujo sanguíneo puede presentarse de manera asintomática o manifestarse con síntomas de insuficiencia arterial como: claudicación intermitente, dolor en reposo en el grupo muscular afectado o pérdida tisular (úlceras). Esta última es uno de los signos más evidentes de isquemia de la extremidad. Los factores de riesgo son similares a los factores de riesgo cardiovascular (hipertensión arterial, tabaquismo, hiperlipidemias, diabetes o síndrome metabólico). Para llevar a cabo su diagnóstico se requiere una adecuada historia clínica, un examen físico exhaustivo (disminución de pulsos periféricos), el índice tobillo-brazo (ITB) y, además, la utilización de herramientas diagnósticas como son: dúplex, la tomografía computarizada y la resonancia magnética. El manejo dependerá del estadio de la enfermedad y va dirigido al alivio de los síntomas y a la disminución del riesgo de progresión de enfermedad cardiovascular.

          Translated abstract

          Abstract Peripheral arterial disease occurs due to obstruction at the arterial level. This obstruction is mainly due to atherosclerosis resulting in turn from the accumulation of lipids and fibrous material between the tunica intima and muscularis propria of the blood vessel wall. The consequent decrease in blood flow can present asymptomatically or manifest with symptoms of arterial insufficiency such as intermittent claudication, pain at rest in the affected muscle group, tissue loss (ulcers), the latter being one of the most evident signs of ischemia of the the limb. The risk factors are similar to cardiovascular risk factors (hypertension, smoking, hyperlipidemia, diabetes or metabolic syndrome). To carry out the diagnosis of it, an adequate clinical history is required, an exhaustive physical examination (decreased peripheral pulses), the ankle-brachial index (ABI) and also the use of diagnostic tools such as: duplex, tomography computed and magnetic resonance imaging. Management will depend on the stage of the disease and is aimed at relieving symptoms and reducing the risk of progression of cardiovascular disease.

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          Most cited references22

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          Epidemiology of peripheral artery disease.

          New data on the epidemiology of peripheral artery disease (PAD) are available, and they should be integrated with previous data. We provide an updated, integrated overview of the epidemiology of PAD, a focused literature review was conducted on the epidemiology of PAD. The PAD results were grouped into symptoms, diagnosis, prevalence, and incidence both in the United States and globally, risk factors, progression, coprevalence with other atherosclerotic disease, and association with incident cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. The most common symptom of PAD is intermittent claudication, but noninvasive measures, such as the ankle-brachial index, show that asymptomatic PAD is several times more common in the population than intermittent claudication. PAD prevalence and incidence are both sharply age-related, rising >10% among patients in their 60s and 70s. With aging of the global population, it seems likely that PAD will be increasingly common in the future. Prevalence seems to be higher among men than women for more severe or symptomatic disease. The major risk factors for PAD are similar to those for coronary and cerebrovascular disease, with some differences in the relative importance of factors. Smoking is a particularly strong risk factor for PAD, as is diabetes mellitus, and several newer risk markers have shown independent associations with PAD. PAD is strongly associated with concomitant coronary and cerebrovascular diseases. After adjustment for known cardiovascular disease risk factors, PAD is associated with an increased risk of incident coronary and cerebrovascular disease morbidity and mortality.
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            2016 AHA/ACC Guideline on the Management of Patients With Lower Extremity Peripheral Artery Disease: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines.

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              Lower Extremity Peripheral Artery Disease: Contemporary Epidemiology, Management Gaps, and Future Directions: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association

              Lower extremity peripheral artery disease (PAD) affects >230 million adults worldwide and is associated with increased risk of various adverse clinical outcomes (other cardiovascular diseases such as coronary heart disease and stroke and leg outcomes such as amputation). Despite its prevalence and clinical importance, PAD has been historically underappreciated by health care professionals and patients. This underappreciation seems multifactorial (eg, limited availability of the first-line diagnostic test, the ankle-brachial index, in clinics; incorrect perceptions that a leg vascular disease is not fatal and that the diagnosis of PAD would not necessarily change clinical practice). In the past several years, a body of evidence has indicated that these perceptions are incorrect. Several studies have consistently demonstrated that many patients with PAD are not receiving evidence-based therapies. Thus, this scientific statement provides an update for health care professionals regarding contemporary epidemiology (eg, prevalence, temporal trends, risk factors, and complications) of PAD, the present status of diagnosis (physiological tests and imaging modalities), and the major gaps in the management of PAD (eg, medications, exercise therapy, and revascularization). The statement also lists key gaps in research, clinical practice, and implementation related to PAD. Orchestrated efforts among different parties (eg, health care providers, researchers, expert organizations, and health care organizations) will be needed to increase the awareness and understanding of PAD and improve the diagnostic approaches, management, and prognosis of PAD.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                angiologia
                Angiología
                Angiología
                Arán Ediciones S.L. (Madrid, Madrid, Spain )
                0003-3170
                1695-2987
                December 2022
                : 74
                : 6
                : 292-304
                Affiliations
                [1] Quito Quito orgnameUniversidad Central del Ecuador Ecuador
                [2] Quito Quito orgnamePontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador Ecuador
                Article
                S0003-31702022000600005 S0003-3170(22)07400600005
                10.20960/angiologia.00421
                eef57937-31a3-4c7c-9d4d-bcfa047e349e

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 02 May 2022
                : 04 April 2022
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 22, Pages: 13
                Product

                SciELO Spain

                Categories
                Artículos Especiales

                Duplex,Ischemia,Ankle-brachial index,Atherosclerosis,Peripheral arterial disease,Isquemia,Dúplex,Índice tobillo-brazo,Ateroesclerosis,Enfermedad arterial periférica

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