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      Estudo in vitro da atividade do extrato etanólico de sementes de bacupari (Rheedia gardneriana Planch. & Triana) e das frações no crescimento de Streptococcus mutans Translated title: In vitro study of the activity of ethanol extract from "bacupari" (Rheedia gardneriana Planch. & Triana) seeds and its fractions on Streptococcus mutans growth

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          Abstract

          Streptococcus mutans, principal microrganismo da cavidade oral, desempenha papel preponderante na formação de placas dentárias, sendo considerado o agente etiológico primário da cárie. Rheedia gardneriana, conhecida popularmente como bacupari, é uma planta utilizada com fins medicinais para o tratamento de diversas patologias, e por apresentar atividade antimicrobiana de compostos das folhas contra bactérias Gram-positivas e Gram-negativas. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi avaliar o efeito de extrato de semente de R. gardneriana sobre a cepa S. mutans UA159. Os testes foram conduzidos com o extrato etanólico bruto e as frações obtidas com os solventes diclorometano, etanol-água, metanol e hexano, em ensaios de inibição in vitro. O extrato bruto (100%) apresentou halos de inibição com diâmetro similar ao obtido com solução de digluconato de clorexidina 0,12%, usada como controle. Os ensaios com a fração diclorometano exibiram atividade inibitória 35% menor comparado com o controle, enquanto nenhum efeito antimicrobiano foi observado com a fração etanol-água. Contrariamente, os resultados obtidos com as frações hexânica e metanólica demonstraram claramente a atividade antimicrobiana por inibição do crescimento bacteriano. Na fração metanólica a formação de halos de inibição foi similar ao do controle. Estes dados apresentam atividade antimicrobiana de R. gardneriana contra S. mutans.

          Translated abstract

          Streptococcus mutans, which is the main microorganism of the oral cavity, plays a preponderant role in dental plaque formation and is considered the primary etiologic agent regarding caries. Commonly known as "bacupari", Rheedia gardneriana is a plant used for medicinal purposes in the treatment of several pathologies; besides, its leaves have compounds that present antimicrobial activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. The aim of this work was to evaluate the effect of R. gardneriana seed extract on S. mutans strain UA159. The tests were carried out with crude ethanol extract and the fractions obtained with the solvents dichloromethane, ethanol-water, methanol, and hexane in in vitro inhibition assays. The crude extract (100%) presented inhibition halos with diameter similar to that obtained by using 0.12% chlorhexidine digluconate solution as control. Assays with the fraction dichloromethane showed an inhibitory activity 35% lower than that of the control, whereas no antimicrobial effect was observed with the ethanol-water fraction. Conversely, the results obtained with the fractions hexane and methanol clearly demonstrated antimicrobial activity by inhibiting the bacterial growth. In the methanol fraction, the formation of inhibition halos was similar to that in the control. These data present antimicrobial activity of R. gardneriana against S. mutans.

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          Isolation and identification of antimicrobial compound from Mentha longifolia L. leaves grown wild in Iraq

          Background Mentha longifolia L. (Lamiaceae) leaves have been traditionally implemented in the treatment of minor sore throat and minor mouth or throat irritation by the indigenous people of Iraq, although the compounds responsible for the medicinal properties have not been identified. In the present study, an antimicrobial compound was isolated and characterized, and its biological activity was assessed. Methods The compound was isolated and characterized from the extracted essential oil using different spectral techniques: TLC, FTIR spectra and HPLC. Antimicrobial activity of the compound was assessed using both disc diffusion and microdilution method in 96 multi-well microtiter plates. Results A known compound was isolated from the essential oil of the plant and was identified as (-) menthol. The isolated compound was investigated for its antimicrobial activity against seven selected pathogenic and non-pathogenic microorganisms: Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus mutans, Streptococcus faecalis, Streptococcus pyogenis , Lactobacillus acidophilus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and the yeast Candida albicans. Menthol at different concentrations (1:1, 1:5, 1:10, 1:20) was active against all tested bacteria except for P. aeruginosa, and the highest inhibitory effect was observed against S. mutans (zone of inhibition: 25.3 mm) using the disc diffusion method. Minimal inhibitory concentration MIC values ranged from 15.6–125.0 μg/ml, and the most promising results were observed against S. aureus and S. mutans (MIC 15.6 μg/ml) while, S. faecalis, S. pyogenis and L. acidophilus ranked next (MIC 31.2 μg/ml). Furthermore, menthol achieved considerable antifungal activity against the yeast C. albicans (zone of inhibition range: 7.1–18.5 mm; MIC: 125.0). Conclusion The isolation of an antimicrobial compound from M. longifolia leaves validates the use of this plant in the treatment of minor sore throat and minor mouth or throat irritation.
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            Evaluation of the antimicrobial, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory activities of hydroxychavicol for its potential use as an oral care agent.

            Hydroxychavicol isolated from the chloroform extraction of aqueous extract of Piper betle leaves showed inhibitory activity against oral cavity pathogens. It exhibited an inhibitory effect on all of the oral cavity pathogens tested (MICs of 62.5 to 500 microg/ml) with a minimal bactericidal concentration that was twofold greater than the inhibitory concentration. Hydroxychavicol exhibited concentration-dependent killing of Streptococcus mutans ATCC 25175 up to 4x MIC and also prevented the formation of water-insoluble glucan. Interestingly, hydroxychavicol exhibited an extended postantibiotic effect of 6 to 7 h and prevented the emergence of mutants of S. mutans ATCC 25175 and Actinomyces viscosus ATCC 15987 at 2x MIC. Furthermore, it also inhibited the growth of biofilms generated by S. mutans and A. viscosus and reduced the preformed biofilms by these bacteria. Increased uptake of propidium iodide by hydroxychavicol-treated cells of S. mutans and A. viscosus indicated that hydroxychavicol probably works through the disruption of the permeability barrier of microbial membrane structures. Hydroxychavicol also exhibited potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. This was evident from its concentration-dependent inhibition of lipid peroxidation and significant suppression of tumor necrosis factor alpha expression in human neutrophils. Its efficacy against adherent cells of S. mutans in water-insoluble glucan in the presence of sucrose suggests that hydroxychavicol would be a useful compound for the development of antibacterial agents against oral pathogens and that it has great potential for use in mouthwash for preventing and treating oral infections.
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              Efeito antibacteriano e antiaderente in vitro do extrato de Punica granatum Linn. sobre microrganismo do biofilme dental

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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Journal
                rbpm
                Revista Brasileira de Plantas Medicinais
                Rev. bras. plantas med.
                Sociedade Brasileira de Plantas Medicinais (Botucatu )
                1983-084X
                June 2010
                : 12
                : 2
                : 234-238
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Centro Educacional Nossa Senhora Auxiliadora Brazil
                [2 ] FAETEC Brasil
                [3 ] Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul Brazil
                Article
                S1516-05722010000200017
                10.1590/S1516-05722010000200017
                ef06cd66-8c78-4453-b1e5-d96647529a6d

                http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

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                SciELO Brazil

                Self URI (journal page): http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_serial&pid=1516-0572&lng=en
                Categories
                PHARMACOLOGY & PHARMACY

                Pharmacology & Pharmaceutical medicine
                Rheedia gardneriana,bacupari,antimicrobial activity,Streptococcus mutans UA159,dental caries,Rhedia gardneriana,atividade antimicrobiana,cárie dental

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