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      Phasing-out tobacco: proposal to deny access to tobacco for those born from 2000

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          Abstract

          As a contribution to worldwide efforts towards a tobacco-free society, this paper considers the possibility of a long-term phasing-in of a total ban, by proposing that individuals born in or after the year 2000 have their supply of tobacco restricted. In conjunction, a survey that we have conducted in Singapore indicates strong public support (even among current smokers) for the proposal.

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          Effectiveness of cigarette warning labels in informing smokers about the risks of smoking: findings from the International Tobacco Control (ITC) Four Country Survey.

          D. Hammond (2006)
          Health warnings on cigarette packages are among the most common means of communicating the health risks of smoking. However, few studies have evaluated the impact of package warnings on consumer knowledge about tobacco risks. The aim of the current study was to use nationally representative samples of adult smokers from the United States (USA), the United Kingdom (UK), Canada (CAN), and Australia (AUS) from the International Tobacco Control Four Country Survey (ITC-4) to examine variations in smokers' knowledge about tobacco risks and the impact of package warnings. A telephone survey was conducted with 9058 adult smokers from the following countries: USA (n = 2138), UK (n = 2401), CAN (n = 2214) and AUS (n = 2305). Respondents were asked to state whether they believed smoking caused heart disease, stroke, impotence, lung cancer in smokers, and lung cancer in non-smokers. Respondents were also asked whether the following chemicals are found in cigarette smoke: cyanide, arsenic and carbon monoxide. Smokers in the four countries exhibited significant gaps in their knowledge of the risks of smoking. Smokers who noticed the warnings were significantly more likely to endorse health risks, including lung cancer and heart disease. In each instance where labelling policies differed between countries, smokers living in countries with government mandated warnings reported greater health knowledge. For example, in Canada, where package warnings include information about the risks of impotence, smokers were 2.68 (2.41-2.97) times more likely to agree that smoking causes impotence compared to smokers from the other three countries. Smokers are not fully informed about the risks of smoking. Warnings that are graphic, larger, and more comprehensive in content are more effective in communicating the health risks of smoking.
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            Economic burden of smoking in China, 2000.

            Lusheng Wang, H Sung, YAO JIANG … (2006)
            To assess the health-related economic burden attributable to smoking in China for persons aged 35 and older. A prevalence-based, disease-specific approach was used to estimate the smoking attributable direct costs, indirect morbidity costs, and costs of premature deaths caused by smoking-related diseases. The primary data source was the 1998 China National Health Services Survey, which contains the smoking status, medical utilisation, and expenditures for 216,101 individuals. The economic costs of smoking in 2000 amounted to $5.0 billion (measured in 2000, USD) in total and $25.43 per smoker (> or = age 35). The share of the economic costs was greater for men than women, and greater in rural areas than in urban areas. Of the $5.0 billion total costs, direct costs were $1.7 billion (34% of the total), indirect morbidity costs were $0.4 billion (8%), and indirect mortality costs were $2.9 billion (58%). The direct costs of smoking accounted for 3.1% of China's national health expenditures in 2000. The adverse health effects of smoking constitute a huge economic burden to the Chinese society. To reduce this burden in the future, effective tobacco control programmes and sustained efforts are needed to curb the tobacco epidemic and economic losses.
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              Adolescents perceived effectiveness of the proposed European graphic tobacco warning labels.

              Constantine I. Vardavas, Gregory Connolly, Kostas Karamanolis … (2009)
              Graphical tobacco product labelling is a prominent source of health information and has an important position among tobacco control initiatives. However, little is known about its effectiveness among adolescents. With this above in mind, we aimed to research into how adolescents perceive the proposed EU graphic tobacco product warning labels as an effective means of preventing smoking initiation in comparison to the current EU text-only warning labels. Five hundred seventy four adolescents (13-18, 54% male) from Greece were privately interviewed, with the use of a digital questionnaire and randomly shown seven existing EU text-only and proposed EU graphic warning labels. Non-smoking respondents were asked to compare and rate the warnings effectiveness in regard to preventing them from smoking on a 1-5 Likert type scale. Irrespective of the warning category shown, on all occasions, non-smoking adolescents rated the suggested EU graphic labels as more effective in preventing them from smoking in comparison to the existing EU text-only warnings. Controlling for gender, age, current smoking status and number of cigarettes smoked per month, younger adolescents were found to opt for graphic warnings more often, and also perceive graphic warning labels as a more effective means of preventing them from smoking, in comparison to their elder peers (P < 0.001). The proposed EU graphic warning labels may play an important role in preventing of smoking initiation during the crucial years of early adolescence when smoking experimentation and early addiction usually take place.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Tob Control
                Journal ID (publisher-id): tc
                Journal ID (hwp): tobaccocontrol
                Title: Tobacco Control
                Publisher: BMJ Group (BMA House, Tavistock Square, London, WC1H 9JR )
                ISSN (Print): 0964-4563
                ISSN (Electronic): 1468-3318
                Publication date (Print): October 2010
                Volume: 19
                Issue: 5
                Pages: 355-360
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Department of Surgical Oncology, National Cancer Centre Singapore, Singapore
                [2 ]Department of Mathematics, National University of Singapore, Singapore
                Author notes
                Correspondence to HN Koong, National Cancer Centre Singapore, Department of Surgical Oncology. 11 Hospital Drive, Singapore 169610, Singapore; dsokhn@ 123456nccs.com.sg
                Article
                Publisher ID: tobaccocontrol31153
                DOI: 10.1136/tc.2009.031153
                PMC ID: 2978941
                PubMed ID: 20876075
                SO-VID: ef0c338a-4312-4826-9a1d-d895d3c72743
                Copyright © © 2010, Published by the BMJ Publishing Group Limited. For permission to use (where not already granted under a licence) please go to http://group.bmj.com/group/rights-licensing/permissions.
                License:

                This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-commercial License, which permits use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited, the use is non commercial and is otherwise in compliance with the license. See: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/2.0/ and http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/2.0/legalcode.

                History
                Date received : 23 April 2009
                Date accepted : 18 March 2010
                Categories
                Subject: Research Paper
                Subject: 1506

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Public health
                Keywords: public policy,primary healthcare,young adults,public opinion polls
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Public health
                Keywords: public policy, primary healthcare, young adults, public opinion polls

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