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      Gonadal Mosaicism of Frasier Syndrome in 3 Chinese Siblings with Donor Splice Site Mutation of Wilms’ Tumour Gene

      case-report

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          Abstract

          Frasier syndrome is a rare human developmental disorder classically affecting 46,XY females and leading to male pseudohermaphroditism and chronic renal failure. We describe a family with both 46,XX and 46,XY females affected by the syndrome due to WT1 splice site mutations. The diagnosis of Frasier syndrome in 1 of the children led to the discovery of the syndrome in 2 other siblings, of whom 1 is asymptomatic. Since the mutation was not found in either parents, gonadal mosaicism was suggested. The implication of family screening for WT1 gene mutation in asymptomatic members is also discussed.

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          Donor splice-site mutations in WT1 are responsible for Frasier syndrome.

          Frasier syndrome (FS) is a rare disease defined by male pseudo-hermaphroditism and progressive glomerulopathy. Patients present with normal female external genitalia, streak gonads and XY karyotype and frequently develop gonadoblastoma. Glomerular symptoms consist of childhood proteinuria and nephrotic syndrome, characterized by unspecific focal and segmental glomerular sclerosis, progressing to end-stage renal failure in adolescence or early adulthood. No case of Wilms' tumour has been reported, even in patients with extended follow-up. In contrast with FS patients, most individuals with Denys-Drash syndrome (DDS; refs 6,7) have ambiguous genitalia or a female phenotype, an XY karyotype and dysgenetic gonads. Renal symptoms are characterized by diffuse mesangial sclerosis, usually before the age of one year, and patients frequently develop Wilms' tumour. Mutations of the Wilms'-tumour gene, WT1, cause different pathologies of the urogenital system, including DDS. WT1 is composed of ten exons and encodes a protein with four zinc-finger motifs and transcriptional and tumour-suppressor activities. Alternative splicing generates four isoforms: the fifth exon may or may not be present, and an alternative splice site in intron 9 allows the addition of three amino acids (KTS) between the third and fourth zinc fingers of WT1 (ref. 17). Here we demonstrate that FS is caused by mutations in the donor splice site in intron 9 of WT1, with the predicted loss of the +KTS isoform. Examination of WT1 transcripts indeed showed a diminution of the +KTS/-KTS isoform ratio in patients with FS.
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            Germline mutations in the Wilms' tumor suppressor gene are associated with abnormal urogenital development in Denys-Drash syndrome.

            Denys-Drash syndrome is a rare human condition in which severe urogenital aberrations result in renal failure, pseudohermaphroditism, and Wilms' tumor (nephroblastoma). To investigate its possible role, we have analyzed the coding exons of the Wilms' tumor suppressor gene (WT1) for germline mutations. In ten independent cases of Denys-Drash syndrome, point mutations in the zinc finger domains of one WT1 gene copy were found. Nine of these mutations are found within exon 9 (zinc finger III); the remaining mutation is in exon 8 (zinc finger II). These mutations directly affect DNA sequence recognition. In two families analyzed, the mutations were shown to arise de novo. Wilms' tumors from three individuals and one juvenile granulosa cell tumor demonstrate reduction to homozygosity for the mutated WT1 allele. Our results provide evidence of a direct role for WT1 in Denys-Drash syndrome and thus urogenital system development.
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              Author and article information

              Journal
              NEF
              Nephron
              10.1159/issn.1660-8151
              Nephron
              S. Karger AG
              1660-8151
              2235-3186
              2002
              July 2002
              01 July 2002
              : 91
              : 3
              : 526-529
              Affiliations
              aDepartment of Medicine, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, bDepartment of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, and cGenetics Diagnosis and Counseling Clinic, UnionHospital, Hong Kong, China
              Article
              64302 Nephron 2002;91:526–529
              10.1159/000064302
              12119492
              ef1d1c0e-2cdb-4da7-bfef-bc39a222569e
              © 2002 S. Karger AG, Basel

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              History
              Page count
              Figures: 2, References: 13, Pages: 4
              Categories
              Case Report

              Cardiovascular Medicine,Nephrology
              Frasier syndrome,Familial focal glomerulosclerosis,WT1 gene
              Cardiovascular Medicine, Nephrology
              Frasier syndrome, Familial focal glomerulosclerosis, WT1 gene

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