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      Characteristic Metabolic Changes of the Crust from Dry-Aged Beef Using 2D NMR Spectroscopy

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          Abstract

          Two-dimensional quantitative nuclear magnetic resonance (2D qNMR)-based metabolomics was performed to understand characteristic metabolic profiles in different aging regimes (crust from dry-aged beef, inner edible flesh of dry-aged beef, and wet-aged beef striploin) over 4 weeks. Samples were extracted using 0.6 M perchlorate to acquire polar metabolites. Partial least squares-discriminant analysis showed a good cumulative explained variation ( R 2 = 0.967) and predictive ability ( Q 2 = 0.935). Metabolites of crust and aged beef (dry- and wet-aged beef) were separated in the first week and showed a completely different aspect in the second week via NMR-based multivariable analyses. Moreover, NMR-based multivariable analyses could be used to distinguish the method, degree, and doneness of beef aging. Among them, the crust showed more unique metabolic changes that accelerated proteolysis (total free amino acids and biogenic amines) and inosine 5′-monophosphate depletion than dry-aged beef and generated specific microbial catabolites (3-indoxyl sulfate) and γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA), while asparagine, glutamine, tryptophan, and glucose in the crust were maintained or decreased. Compared to the crust, dry-aged beef showed similar patterns of biogenic amines, as well as bioactive compounds and GABA, without a decrease in free amino acids and glucose. Based on these results, the crust allows the inner dry-aged beef to be aged similarly to wet-aged beef without microbial effects. Thus, 2D qNMR-based metabolomic techniques could provide complementary information about biochemical factors for beef aging.

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          MetPA: a web-based metabolomics tool for pathway analysis and visualization.

          MetPA (Metabolomics Pathway Analysis) is a user-friendly, web-based tool dedicated to the analysis and visualization of metabolomic data within the biological context of metabolic pathways. MetPA combines several advanced pathway enrichment analysis procedures along with the analysis of pathway topological characteristics to help identify the most relevant metabolic pathways involved in a given metabolomic study. The results are presented in a Google-map style network visualization system that supports intuitive and interactive data exploration through point-and-click, dragging and lossless zooming. Additional features include a comprehensive compound library for metabolite name conversion, automatic generation of analysis report, as well as the implementation of various univariate statistical procedures that can be accessed when users click on any metabolite node on a pathway map. MetPA currently enables analysis and visualization of 874 metabolic pathways, covering 11 common model organisms. Freely available at http://metpa.metabolomics.ca.
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            Microbial production of organic acids: expanding the markets.

            Microbial production of organic acids is a promising approach for obtaining building-block chemicals from renewable carbon sources. Although some acids have been produced for some time and in-depth knowledge of these microbial production processes has been gained, further microbial production processes seem to be feasible, but large-scale production has not yet been possible. Citric, lactic and succinic acid production exemplify three processes in different stages of industrial development. Although the questions being addressed by current research on these processes are diverging, a comparison is helpful for understanding microbial organic acid production in general. In this article, through analysis of the current advances in production of these acids, we present guidelines for future developments in this fast-moving field.
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              Blood-pressure-lowering effect of a novel fermented milk containing gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) in mild hypertensives.

              To study the effect of a new fermented milk product containing GABA (FMG) on the blood pressure (BP) of patients with mild hypertension. A randomized, placebo-controlled, single-blind trial. The study was carried out at the outpatient clinic of the Cardiovascular Disease Center, Tokyo Metropolitan Police Hospital, Japan. The study population comprised 39 mildly hypertensive patients (16 women and 23 men) aged 28-81 y (mean, 54.2 y). The study consisted of a 12-week period of daily intake of FMG or placebo (weeks 1-12) followed by 2 weeks of no intake (weeks 13 and 14). We measured the peripheral BP and heart rate of seated patients at weeks 0, 2, 4, 8, 12 and 14. Routine blood study and urinalysis were performed before and after the intake. There was a significant decrease of BP within 2 or 4 weeks, and it remained decreased throughout the 12-week intake period. For the FMG recipients, the mean decrease after 12 weeks was 17.4+/-4.3 mmHg in the systolic BP (SBP) and 7.2+/-5.7 mmHg in the diastolic BP (DBP). Both of these values differed statistically from baseline levels (P<0.01), and the SBP of the FMG group differed from the placebo group (P<0.05). Heart rate, body weight, hematological and blood chemistry variables, and urinalysis results (glucosuria and proteinuria) did not vary both groups throughout the study. FMG may contribute to lowering BP in mildly hypertensive people.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: Academic Editor
                Journal
                Molecules
                Molecules
                molecules
                Molecules
                MDPI
                1420-3049
                07 July 2020
                July 2020
                : 25
                : 13
                : 3087
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Center for Food and Bioconvergence, and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea; eoenhc@ 123456naver.com (H.C.K.); kihoback@ 123456naver.com (K.H.B.); leehj0113@ 123456snu.ac.kr (H.J.L.)
                [2 ]National Center for Inter-University Research Facilities, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea; yjko@ 123456snu.ac.kr
                [3 ]Institute of Green Bio Science and Technology, Seoul National University, Pyeongchang 25354, Korea
                Author notes
                [* ]Correspondence: tousa0994@ 123456naver.com (D.-G.Y.); cheorun@ 123456snu.ac.kr (C.J.); Tel.: +82-2-880-4820 (D.-G.Y.); Tel.: +82-2-880-4804 (C.J.)
                Author information
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9445-7516
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5438-9547
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6891-8008
                https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0368-2847
                https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2109-3798
                Article
                molecules-25-03087
                10.3390/molecules25133087
                7411603
                32645838
                ef4bc80e-ecea-4033-9695-522b0eb54c24
                © 2020 by the authors.

                Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

                History
                : 09 June 2020
                : 02 July 2020
                Categories
                Article

                2d qnmr,wet aging,dry aging,crust,metabolomics,1h-13c hsqc
                2d qnmr, wet aging, dry aging, crust, metabolomics, 1h-13c hsqc

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