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      Extraction and modification of hemicellulose from lignocellulosic biomass: A review

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      Green Processing and Synthesis
      Walter de Gruyter GmbH

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          Abstract

          Hemicellulose is a carbohydrate biopolymer second only to cellulose, which is rich and has a broad application prospect. The limitation of high-value utilization of hemicellulose has been a long-standing challenge due to its complex and diversified structure. The extraction and subsequent modification of hemicellulose from lignocellulosic biomass represent a promising pathway toward this goal. Herein, the extraction processes including physical pretreatment, chemical pretreatment, and combined pretreatment for separating hemicellulose from lignocellulosic biomass were introduced, and the advantages and disadvantages of various extraction procedures were also described. The chemical modification of hemicellulose such as etherification, esterification, grafting, and cross-linking modification was reviewed in detail. The separation and modification of hemicellulose in the future are prospected based on the earlier studies.

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          Novel solvent properties of choline chloride/urea mixturesElectronic supplementary information (ESI) available: spectroscopic data. See http://www.rsc.org/suppdata/cc/b2/b210714g/

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            Natural deep eutectic solvents as new potential media for green technology.

            Developing new green solvents is one of the key subjects in Green Chemistry. Ionic liquids (ILs) and deep eutectic solvents, thus, have been paid great attention to replace current harsh organic solvents and have been applied to many chemical processing such as extraction and synthesis. However, current ionic liquids and deep eutectic solvents have still limitations to be applied to a real chemical industry due to toxicity against human and environment and high cost of ILs and solid state of most deep eutectic solvents at room temperature. Recently we discovered that many plant abundant primary metabolites changed their state from solid to liquid when they were mixed in proper ratio. This finding made us hypothesize that natural deep eutectic solvents (NADES) play a role as alternative media to water in living organisms and tested a wide range of natural products, which resulted in discovery of over 100 NADES from nature. In order to prove deep eutectic feature the interaction between the molecules was investigated by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. All the tested NADES show clear hydrogen bonding between components. As next step physical properties of NADES such as water activity, density, viscosity, polarity and thermal properties were measured as well as the effect of water on the physical properties. In the last stage the novel NADES were applied to the solubilization of wide range of biomolecules such as non-water soluble bioactive natural products, gluten, starch, and DNA. In most cases the solubility of the biomolecules evaluated in this study was greatly higher than water. Based on the results the novel NADES may be expected as potential green solvents at room temperature in diverse fields of chemistry. Copyright © 2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
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              Hydrogen production from renewable and sustainable energy resources: Promising green energy carrier for clean development

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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Green Processing and Synthesis
                Walter de Gruyter GmbH
                2191-9550
                March 03 2021
                March 03 2021
                January 01 2021
                November 23 2021
                November 23 2021
                January 01 2021
                : 10
                : 1
                : 779-804
                Affiliations
                [1 ]School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University , Wuhan , 430023 , China
                Article
                10.1515/gps-2021-0065
                ef4be292-a95d-45d8-a1d4-9e499158677a
                © 2021

                http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0

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