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      Enhanced neural responses in specific phases of reward processing in individuals with Internet gaming disorder

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          Abstract

          Background and aims

          Internet gaming disorder (IGD) has become a global health problem. The self-regulation model noted that a shift to reward system, whether due to overwhelming reward-seeking or impaired control, can lead to self-regulation failures, e.g., addiction. The present study focused on the reward processing of IGD, aiming to provide insights into the etiology of IGD. Reward processing includes three phases: reward anticipation, outcome monitoring and choice evaluation. However, it is not clear which phases of reward processing are different between individuals with IGD and healthy controls (HC).

          Methods

          To address this issue, the present study asked 27 individuals with IGD and 26 HC to complete a roulette task during a functional MRI scan.

          Results

          Compared with HC, individuals with IGD preferred to take risks in pursuit of high rewards behaviorally and showed exaggerated brain activity in the striatum (nucleus accumbens and caudate) during the reward anticipation and outcome monitoring but not during the choice evaluation.

          Discussion

          These results reveal that the oversensitivity of the reward system to potential and positive rewards in college students with IGD drives them to approach risky options more frequently although they are able to assess the risk values of options and the correctness of decisions properly as HC do.

          Conclusions

          These findings provide partial support for the application of the self-regulation model to the IGD population. Moreover, this study enriches this model from the perspective of three phases of reward processing and provides specific targets for future research regarding effective treatment of IGD.

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          Most cited references62

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          Behavioral inhibition, behavioral activation, and affective responses to impending reward and punishment: The BIS/BAS Scales.

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            Integrating psychological and neurobiological considerations regarding the development and maintenance of specific Internet-use disorders: An Interaction of Person-Affect-Cognition-Execution (I-PACE) model.

            Within the last two decades, many studies have addressed the clinical phenomenon of Internet-use disorders, with a particular focus on Internet-gaming disorder. Based on previous theoretical considerations and empirical findings, we suggest an Interaction of Person-Affect-Cognition-Execution (I-PACE) model of specific Internet-use disorders. The I-PACE model is a theoretical framework for the processes underlying the development and maintenance of an addictive use of certain Internet applications or sites promoting gaming, gambling, pornography viewing, shopping, or communication. The model is composed as a process model. Specific Internet-use disorders are considered to be the consequence of interactions between predisposing factors, such as neurobiological and psychological constitutions, moderators, such as coping styles and Internet-related cognitive biases, and mediators, such as affective and cognitive responses to situational triggers in combination with reduced executive functioning. Conditioning processes may strengthen these associations within an addiction process. Although the hypotheses regarding the mechanisms underlying the development and maintenance of specific Internet-use disorders, summarized in the I-PACE model, must be further tested empirically, implications for treatment interventions are suggested.
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              A Neural Substrate of Prediction and Reward

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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Journal
                2006
                Journal of Behavioral Addictions
                JBA
                Akadémiai Kiadó (Budapest )
                2062-5871
                2063-5303
                16 April 2021
                10 February 2021
                : 10
                : 1
                : 99-111
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Department of Psychology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Learning and Cognition, Capital Normal University , Beijing, China
                [2 ] Center for Cognition and Brain Disorders, The Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University , Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
                [3 ] Institutes of Psychological Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University , Hangzhou, China
                [4 ] Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Research in Assessment of Cognitive Impairments , Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
                [5 ] CAS Key Laboratory of Behavioral Science, Institute of Psychology , Beijing, China
                [6 ] Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing, China
                [7 ] Department of Psychology, Dalian Medical University , Dalian, China
                [8 ] The Department of Psychology, Renmin University of China , Beijing, China
                [9 ] The Laboratory of the Department of Psychology, Renmin University of China , Beijing, China
                Author notes
                [* ]Corresponding author. E-mail: liqi@ 123456psych.ac.cn
                Author information
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2678-9594
                Article
                10.1556/2006.2021.00003
                8969865
                33570505
                ef64a865-5416-4039-bb5a-08bf783aa47b
                © 2021 The Author(s)

                Open Access. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License ( https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium for non-commercial purposes, provided the original author and source are credited, a link to the CC License is provided, and changes – if any – are indicated.

                History
                : 11 August 2020
                : 25 November 2020
                : 27 December 2020
                Page count
                Figures: 5, Tables: 4, Equations: 0, References: 64, Pages: 13

                Medicine,Psychology,Social & Behavioral Sciences,Clinical Psychology & Psychiatry
                reward processing,Internet gaming disorder,fMRI

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