Current smoking behaviour among rural South African children: Ellisras Longitudinal Study

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Abstract

Background

The use of tobacco products is the major cause of chronic diseases morbidity and mortality. Most smokers start the smoking habits from childhood and adolescent stages.

Method

This was a cross-sectional study. A total of 1654 subjects (854 boys and 800 girls), aged 11 to 18 years, who were part of the Ellisras Longitudinal Study completed the questionnaire. Association between tobacco products use and habits, attitudes and beliefs were explored in this study. Logistic regression was used to estimate the association.

Results

The prevalence of tobacco product use increases with increasing (4.9 to 17.1%) age among boys whereas girls do not smoke cigarette but only considerable number (1.0 to 4.1%) use home made tobacco products (pipe and snuff) among the Ellisras rural children. Parents and grand parents play a significant (about 50%) role in influencing smoking behaviour among the Ellisras rural children. Seeing actors smoking on TV shows was positively associated (p < 0.05) with smoking (OR = 2.3 95%CI (1.3-4.1 and OR = 2.3 95%CI 1.3-4.1 after adjusting for age and gender). However, women who smoke cigarette were significantly (p < 0.001) associated with success and success and wealth (OR = 2.8, 95% CI 1.5-5.2) even after adjusting for age and gender (OR = 2.9 95% CI 1.5-5.4).

Conclusion

The usage of tobacco products was high among older boys. Girls did not smoke cigarette. This tobacco use behaviour mirrors the cultural norms and adult behaviour. The association of this tobacco used products with biological parameters will shed more light on the health of these children over time.

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Most cited references 21

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Tobacco use by youth: a surveillance report from the Global Youth Tobacco Survey project.

Samira Asma, Julia Riley, John Batchelor … (1999)

The Global Youth Tobacco Survey (GYTS) project was developed by the World Health Organization and the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention to track tobacco use among youth in countries across the world, using a common methodology and core questionnaire. The GYTS is school based and employs a two-stage sample design to produce representative data on smoking among students aged 13-15 years. The first stage consists of a probabilistic selection of schools, and the second consists of a random selection of classes from the participating schools. All students in the selected classes are eligible for the survey. In 1999, the GYTS was conducted in 13 countries and is currently in progress in over 30 countries. This report describes data from 12 countries: Barbados, China, Costa Rica, Fiji, Jordan, Poland, the Russian Federation (Moscow), South Africa, Sri Lanka, Ukraine (Kiev), Venezuela, and Zimbabwe. The findings show that tobacco use in the surveyed age group ranged from a high of 33% to a low of 10%. While the majority of current smokers wanted to stop smoking, very few were able to attend a cessation programme. In most countries the majority of young people reported seeing advertisements for cigarettes in media outlets, but anti-tobacco advertising was rare. The majority of young people reported being taught in school about the dangers of smoking. Environmental tobacco smoke exposure was very high in all countries. These results show that the GYTS surveillance system is enhancing the capacity of countries to design, implement, and evaluate tobacco prevention and control programmes.

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Smoking and death: the past 40 years and the next 40.

R. Peto (1994)

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Growth and nutritional status of rural South African children 3-10 years old: The Ellisras growth study.

B Getz, K.D. Monyeki, N Cameron (1999)

This study presents cross-sectional data from an ongoing mixed-longitudinal study of growth of rural children from Ellisras, South Africa. The physical growth and nutritional status of 1,335 children (684 boys, 651 girls), 3-10 years of age, was determined using standard anthropometric techniques. Weight-for-age, height-for-age, and weight-for-height were expressed as Z-scores of the NHANES I and II or NCHS reference sample. A Z-score of less than -2 was used as the cut-off point to determine the prevalence of stunting and wasting. Mean heights increased parallel to the 50(th) centile up to 6 years of age, thereafter both sexes diverged from the NHANES reference by approximately 0.5 cm per year. Mean weights followed a more consistent pattern from 3-7 years for both sexes, which was parallel to just below the 10(th) centile, but diverged between 8 and 10 years of age. Z-scores of weight-for-height in both sexes varied between -1 to -2 throughout the age range and BMI values were lower than the 5(th) centile of NHANES, indicating a significant amount of wasting within the sample. The sample exhibited a high prevalence of stunting, rising from less than 10% at 7 years to more than 30% by 10 years of age. Increments of the mean heights and weights indicate that the effects of stress may be a gradually accumulating process and that the growth increments of these children became increasingly poor in contrast to those of the reference sample. Since stunting in childhood is permanent, it may lead to a loss of physical work capacity in adulthood. Therefore, further investigation of the cause of poor growth among these rural children is imperative. Am. J. Hum. Biol. 12:42-49, 2000. Copyright 2000 Wiley-Liss, Inc.

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Author and article information

Journal

Journal ID (nlm-ta): BMC Pediatr

Title: BMC Pediatrics

Publisher: BioMed Central

ISSN (Electronic): 1471-2431

Publication date Collection: 2011

Publication date (Electronic): 23 June 2011

Volume: 11

Page: 58

Affiliations

[1 ]Department of Educational Studies, University of Limpopo, Sovenga, South Africa

[2 ]Chronic Disease of lifestyle unit, Medical Research Council, Tygerberg, 7505, South Africa

[3 ]VU University Medical Centre, The Institute for Health and Care Research (EMGO+), Amsterdam, the Netherlands

Article

Publisher ID: 1471-2431-11-58

DOI: 10.1186/1471-2431-11-58

PMC ID: 3141507

PubMed ID: 21699687

SO-VID: ef76a1ea-68e4-487d-89cf-82e287b4e0e4

License:

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Current smoking behaviour among rural South African children: Ellisras Longitudinal Study

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Abstract

Background

Method

Results

Conclusion

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Chinese Journal of School Health

Most cited references 21

Tobacco use by youth: a surveillance report from the Global Youth Tobacco Survey project.

Smoking and death: the past 40 years and the next 40.

Growth and nutritional status of rural South African children 3-10 years old: The Ellisras growth study.

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