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      Properties and Astrophysical Implications of the 150 M ⊙ Binary Black Hole Merger GW190521

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      The Astrophysical Journal
      American Astronomical Society
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          Quasinormal modes of black holes and black branes

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            dynesty: a dynamic nested sampling package for estimating Bayesian posteriors and evidences

            We present dynesty, a public, open-source, python package to estimate Bayesian posteriors and evidences (marginal likelihoods) using the dynamic nested sampling methods developed by Higson et al. By adaptively allocating samples based on posterior structure, dynamic nested sampling has the benefits of Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) algorithms that focus exclusively on posterior estimation while retaining nested sampling’s ability to estimate evidences and sample from complex, multimodal distributions. We provide an overview of nested sampling, its extension to dynamic nested sampling, the algorithmic challenges involved, and the various approaches taken to solve them in this and previous work. We then examine dynesty’s performance on a variety of toy problems along with several astronomical applications. We find in particular problems dynesty can provide substantial improvements in sampling efficiency compared to popular MCMC approaches in the astronomical literature. More detailed statistical results related to nested sampling are also included in the appendix.
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              Formation of massive black holes through runaway collisions in dense young star clusters.

              A luminous X-ray source is associated with MGG 11--a cluster of young stars approximately 200 pc from the centre of the starburst galaxy M 82 (refs 1, 2). The properties of this source are best explained by invoking a black hole with a mass of at least 350 solar masses (350 M(o)), which is intermediate between stellar-mass and supermassive black holes. A nearby but somewhat more massive cluster (MGG 9) shows no evidence of such an intermediate-mass black hole, raising the issue of just what physical characteristics of the clusters can account for this difference. Here we report numerical simulations of the evolution and motion of stars within the clusters, where stars are allowed to merge with each other. We find that for MGG 11 dynamical friction leads to the massive stars sinking rapidly to the centre of the cluster, where they participate in a runaway collision. This produces a star of 800-3,000 M(o) which ultimately collapses to a black hole of intermediate mass. No such runaway occurs in the cluster MGG 9, because the larger cluster radius leads to a mass segregation timescale a factor of five longer than for MGG 11.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                The Astrophysical Journal
                ApJ
                American Astronomical Society
                2041-8213
                September 01 2020
                September 02 2020
                : 900
                : 1
                : L13
                Article
                10.3847/2041-8213/aba493
                ef82f2e1-1ae3-478d-9758-b6016146be04
                © 2020

                http://iopscience.iop.org/info/page/text-and-data-mining

                http://iopscience.iop.org/page/copyright

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