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      Non-microbial methane emissions from tropical rainforest soils under different conditions

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          Abstract

          Non-microbial methane (NM-CH 4), emissions from soil might play a significant role in carbon cycling and global climate change. However, the production mechanisms and emission potential of soil NM-CH 4 from tropical rainforest remain highly uncertain. In order to explore the laws and characteristics of NM-CH 4 emission from tropical rainforest soils. Incubation experiments at different environmental conditions (temperatures, soil water contents, hydrogen peroxide) and for soils with different soil organic carbon (SOC) contents were conducted to investigate the NM-CH 4 emission characteristics and its influence factors of soils (0-10cm) that collected from a tropical rainforest in Hainan, China. Incubation results illustrated that soil NM-CH 4 release showed a linear increase with the incubation time in the first 24 hours at 70 °C, whereas the logarithmic curve increase was found in 192 h incubation. Soil NM-CH 4 emission rates under aerobic condition were significantly higher than that of under anaerobic condition at first 24 h incubation. The increasing of temperature, suitable soil water contents (0–100%), and hydrogen peroxide significantly promoted soil NM-CH 4 emission rates at the first 24 h incubation. However, excessive soil water contents (200%) inhibited soil NM-CH 4 emissions. According to the curve simulated from the NM-CH 4 emission rates and incubation time at 70 °C of aerobic condition, soil would no longer release NM-CH 4 after 229 h incubation. The NM-CH 4 emissions were positively corelated with SOC contents, and the average soil NM-CH 4 emission potential was about 6.91 ug per gram organic carbon in the tropical mountain rainforest. This study revealed that soils in the tropical rainforest could produce NM-CH 4 under certain environment conditions and it supported production mechanisms of thermal degradation and reactive oxygen species oxidation. Those results could provide a basic data for understanding the soil NM-CH 4 production mechanisms and its potential in the tropical rainforest.

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          Reactive oxygen species: metabolism, oxidative stress, and signal transduction.

          Several reactive oxygen species (ROS) are continuously produced in plants as byproducts of aerobic metabolism. Depending on the nature of the ROS species, some are highly toxic and rapidly detoxified by various cellular enzymatic and nonenzymatic mechanisms. Whereas plants are surfeited with mechanisms to combat increased ROS levels during abiotic stress conditions, in other circumstances plants appear to purposefully generate ROS as signaling molecules to control various processes including pathogen defense, programmed cell death, and stomatal behavior. This review describes the mechanisms of ROS generation and removal in plants during development and under biotic and abiotic stress conditions. New insights into the complexity and roles that ROS play in plants have come from genetic analyses of ROS detoxifying and signaling mutants. Considering recent ROS-induced genome-wide expression analyses, the possible functions and mechanisms for ROS sensing and signaling in plants are compared with those in animals and yeast.
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            Emission of trace gases and aerosols from biomass burning

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              Methane emissions from terrestrial plants under aerobic conditions.

              Methane is an important greenhouse gas and its atmospheric concentration has almost tripled since pre-industrial times. It plays a central role in atmospheric oxidation chemistry and affects stratospheric ozone and water vapour levels. Most of the methane from natural sources in Earth's atmosphere is thought to originate from biological processes in anoxic environments. Here we demonstrate using stable carbon isotopes that methane is readily formed in situ in terrestrial plants under oxic conditions by a hitherto unrecognized process. Significant methane emissions from both intact plants and detached leaves were observed during incubation experiments in the laboratory and in the field. If our measurements are typical for short-lived biomass and scaled on a global basis, we estimate a methane source strength of 62-236 Tg yr(-1) for living plants and 1-7 Tg yr(-1) for plant litter (1 Tg = 10(12) g). We suggest that this newly identified source may have important implications for the global methane budget and may call for a reconsideration of the role of natural methane sources in past climate change.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ConceptualizationRole: Data curationRole: Formal analysisRole: Funding acquisitionRole: InvestigationRole: MethodologyRole: Project administrationRole: ResourcesRole: SoftwareRole: SupervisionRole: ValidationRole: VisualizationRole: Writing – original draftRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: MethodologyRole: ResourcesRole: ValidationRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: Data curationRole: MethodologyRole: ResourcesRole: ValidationRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: Formal analysisRole: Validation
                Role: ConceptualizationRole: Data curationRole: Formal analysisRole: Funding acquisitionRole: InvestigationRole: MethodologyRole: Project administrationRole: ResourcesRole: SoftwareRole: SupervisionRole: ValidationRole: VisualizationRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: InvestigationRole: ValidationRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: Data curationRole: InvestigationRole: ValidationRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: Data curationRole: InvestigationRole: ValidationRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: Formal analysisRole: MethodologyRole: ValidationRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: Formal analysisRole: MethodologyRole: ValidationRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: ValidationRole: VisualizationRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: Editor
                Journal
                PLoS One
                PLoS One
                plos
                PLoS ONE
                Public Library of Science (San Francisco, CA USA )
                1932-6203
                5 August 2021
                2021
                : 16
                : 8
                : e0255725
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Key Laboratory of Agro-Forestry Environmental Processes and Ecological Regulation of Hainan Province, College of Ecology and Environment, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan, China
                [2 ] International Center for Bamboo and Rattan, Beijing, China
                [3 ] Center for Ecosystem Science and Society, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona, United States of America
                [4 ] School of Ecology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
                [5 ] School of Science and Ocean science, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China
                Universiti Malaysia Pahang, VIETNAM
                Author notes

                Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

                Author information
                https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1196-7586
                Article
                PONE-D-20-33065
                10.1371/journal.pone.0255725
                8341527
                34352023
                ef8a87e2-2742-4f08-a6e4-f65b62f300cf
                © 2021 Jia et al

                This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

                History
                : 29 October 2020
                : 23 July 2021
                Page count
                Figures: 6, Tables: 2, Pages: 14
                Funding
                Funded by: funder-id http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100001809, National Natural Science Foundation of China;
                Award ID: 41663010
                Award Recipient :
                Funded by: Natural Science Foundation of Hainan Province
                Award ID: 418MS019, 2019RC012
                Award Recipient :
                Funded by: Key Technologies Research and Development Program (CN)
                Award ID: 2018YFD0201105
                Award Recipient :
                This work was supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Hainan province (No. 418MS019 and 2019RC012); the National Key R & D Program of China (NO. 2018YFD0201105); the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 41663010). The author of Wenjie Liu thanks for the financial support from China Scholarship Council.
                Categories
                Research Article
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Ecology
                Ecosystems
                Forests
                Rainforests
                Tropical Rainforests
                Ecology and Environmental Sciences
                Ecology
                Ecosystems
                Forests
                Rainforests
                Tropical Rainforests
                Ecology and Environmental Sciences
                Terrestrial Environments
                Forests
                Rainforests
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                Ecology and Environmental Sciences
                Terrestrial Environments
                Tropical Rainforests
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Ecology
                Ecosystems
                Forests
                Ecology and Environmental Sciences
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                Ecology and Environmental Sciences
                Terrestrial Environments
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