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      Effects of larval rearing substrates on some life-table parameters of Lutzomyia longipalpis sand flies

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          Abstract

          Sand flies are the insects responsible for transmitting Leishmania parasites, the causative agents of leishmaniasis in humans. However, the effects of sand fly breeding sites on their biology and ecology remain poorly understood. Herein, we studied how larval nutrition associated with putative breeding sites of the sand fly Lutzomyia longipalpis affects their oviposition, development, microbiome, and susceptibility to Leishmania by rearing L. longipalpis on substrates collected from an endemic area for leishmaniasis in Brazil. The results showed that female L. longipalpis select the oviposition site based on its potential to promote larval maturation and while composting cashew leaf litter hindered the development, larvae reared on chicken feces developed rapidly. Typical gut microbial profiles were found in larvae reared upon cashew leaf litter. Adult females from larvae reared on substrate collected in chicken coops were infected with Leishmania infantum, indicating that they were highly susceptible to the parasite. In conclusion, the larval breeding sites can exert an important role in the epidemiology of leishmaniasis.

          Author summary

          Sand flies are the insect vectors involved in the transmission of many pathogens, however, the transmission of parasites to humans leading to visceral leishmaniasis is currently the most critical threat caused by this insect. Despite the importance of the vector, many aspects of the biology of sand flies are poorly understood, especially their breeding sites. This study was designed to evaluate the oviposition, life span, microbiome, and parasite infections in the main species of sand fly responsible for visceral leishmaniasis in America. Insects were reared on substrates collected from different putative habitats of sand flies in an endemic area for the disease in Brazil. The results showed that female vectors selected an oviposition site depending on the potential offered to their offspring. Furthermore, the development of immature stages varied according to the type of substrate evaluated, with cashew leaves litter delaying larval development, while chicken shelter promoted larval development. The challenge of females emerging from chicken shelter substrate with the parasite indicates that insects reared in such an environment could successfully sustain the infection. These results suggest that the type of breeding site can affect insect biology as well as the epidemiology of the disease.

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          Most cited references56

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          phyloseq: An R Package for Reproducible Interactive Analysis and Graphics of Microbiome Census Data

          Background The analysis of microbial communities through DNA sequencing brings many challenges: the integration of different types of data with methods from ecology, genetics, phylogenetics, multivariate statistics, visualization and testing. With the increased breadth of experimental designs now being pursued, project-specific statistical analyses are often needed, and these analyses are often difficult (or impossible) for peer researchers to independently reproduce. The vast majority of the requisite tools for performing these analyses reproducibly are already implemented in R and its extensions (packages), but with limited support for high throughput microbiome census data. Results Here we describe a software project, phyloseq, dedicated to the object-oriented representation and analysis of microbiome census data in R. It supports importing data from a variety of common formats, as well as many analysis techniques. These include calibration, filtering, subsetting, agglomeration, multi-table comparisons, diversity analysis, parallelized Fast UniFrac, ordination methods, and production of publication-quality graphics; all in a manner that is easy to document, share, and modify. We show how to apply functions from other R packages to phyloseq-represented data, illustrating the availability of a large number of open source analysis techniques. We discuss the use of phyloseq with tools for reproducible research, a practice common in other fields but still rare in the analysis of highly parallel microbiome census data. We have made available all of the materials necessary to completely reproduce the analysis and figures included in this article, an example of best practices for reproducible research. Conclusions The phyloseq project for R is a new open-source software package, freely available on the web from both GitHub and Bioconductor.
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            Global patterns of 16S rRNA diversity at a depth of millions of sequences per sample.

            The ongoing revolution in high-throughput sequencing continues to democratize the ability of small groups of investigators to map the microbial component of the biosphere. In particular, the coevolution of new sequencing platforms and new software tools allows data acquisition and analysis on an unprecedented scale. Here we report the next stage in this coevolutionary arms race, using the Illumina GAIIx platform to sequence a diverse array of 25 environmental samples and three known "mock communities" at a depth averaging 3.1 million reads per sample. We demonstrate excellent consistency in taxonomic recovery and recapture diversity patterns that were previously reported on the basis of metaanalysis of many studies from the literature (notably, the saline/nonsaline split in environmental samples and the split between host-associated and free-living communities). We also demonstrate that 2,000 Illumina single-end reads are sufficient to recapture the same relationships among samples that we observe with the full dataset. The results thus open up the possibility of conducting large-scale studies analyzing thousands of samples simultaneously to survey microbial communities at an unprecedented spatial and temporal resolution.
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              Leishmaniasis: a review

              Leishmaniasis is caused by an intracellular parasite transmitted to humans by the bite of a sand fly. It is endemic in Asia, Africa, the Americas, and the Mediterranean region. Worldwide, 1.5 to 2 million new cases occur each year, 350 million are at risk of acquiring the disease, and leishmaniasis causes 70,000 deaths per year. Clinical features depend on the species of Leishmania involved and the immune response of the host. Manifestations range from the localized cutaneous to the visceral form with potentially fatal outcomes. Many drugs are used in its treatment, but the only effective treatment is achieved with current pentavalent antimonials.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ConceptualizationRole: Data curationRole: Formal analysisRole: InvestigationRole: MethodologyRole: Writing – original draft
                Role: Data curationRole: Formal analysisRole: Investigation
                Role: Data curationRole: Formal analysisRole: Writing – original draft
                Role: Data curationRole: Formal analysis
                Role: Formal analysisRole: Supervision
                Role: Funding acquisitionRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: Funding acquisitionRole: Project administrationRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: Project administrationRole: SupervisionRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: ConceptualizationRole: Funding acquisitionRole: SupervisionRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: Editor
                Journal
                PLoS Negl Trop Dis
                PLoS Negl Trop Dis
                plos
                plosntds
                PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases
                Public Library of Science (San Francisco, CA USA )
                1935-2727
                1935-2735
                21 January 2021
                January 2021
                : 15
                : 1
                : e0009034
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Instituto Gonçalo Moniz-Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Salvador, Brazil
                [2 ] Escola de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia-Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
                [3 ] Kuvin Center for the Study of Infectious & Tropical Diseases, Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Institute of Medical Research, Israel-Canada, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
                Universiteit Antwerpen, BELGIUM
                Author notes

                The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

                [¤]

                Current address: The Royal Veterinary College, University of London, Hawkshead Lane, London, United Kingdom

                ‡ These authors contributed equally as senior authors.

                Author information
                https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6882-3220
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5108-190X
                https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6575-8208
                https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4908-9993
                https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8308-9263
                https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4788-0319
                Article
                PNTD-D-20-01426
                10.1371/journal.pntd.0009034
                7870073
                33476330
                efb4e5e3-21f9-44bb-a7b3-06522a891960
                © 2021 Aguiar Martins et al

                This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

                History
                : 8 August 2020
                : 3 December 2020
                Page count
                Figures: 8, Tables: 1, Pages: 20
                Funding
                Funded by: funder-id http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100003593, Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico;
                Award ID: PVE 401213/2014-5 and 305235 / 2019-2
                Award Recipient :
                Funded by: funder-id http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100003593, Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico;
                Award ID: 304876/2019-4
                Award Recipient :
                Funded by: funder-id http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100006181, Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado da Bahia;
                Award ID: FAPESB 04/2013, 12/2014 and 04/2015
                Award Recipient :
                Funded by: The Israel Science Foundation
                Award ID: 997/19
                Award Recipient :
                This study was supported by Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico-CNPq https://www.gov.br/cnpq/pt-br, Grant Number: PVE 401213/2014-5 and 305235 / 2019-2) received by PSTV and Grant Number: 304876/2019-4 by CIB. It was also supported by Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado da Bahia- FAPESB http://www.fapesb.ba.gov.br/, Grant Number: FAPESB 04/2013, 12/2014 and 04/2015 received by CIB. AW received funding from The Israel Science Foundation- https://www.isf.org.il/#/- (Grant Number: 997/19). The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.
                Categories
                Research Article
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Developmental Biology
                Life Cycles
                Larvae
                Medicine and Health Sciences
                Medical Conditions
                Infectious Diseases
                Disease Vectors
                Insect Vectors
                Sand Flies
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Species Interactions
                Disease Vectors
                Insect Vectors
                Sand Flies
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Organisms
                Eukaryota
                Animals
                Vertebrates
                Amniotes
                Birds
                Fowl
                Gamefowl
                Chickens
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Zoology
                Animals
                Vertebrates
                Amniotes
                Birds
                Fowl
                Gamefowl
                Chickens
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Organisms
                Eukaryota
                Animals
                Vertebrates
                Amniotes
                Birds
                Poultry
                Chickens
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Zoology
                Animals
                Vertebrates
                Amniotes
                Birds
                Poultry
                Chickens
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Plant Science
                Plant Anatomy
                Leaves
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Organisms
                Bacteria
                Gut Bacteria
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Physiology
                Reproductive Physiology
                Oviposition
                Medicine and Health Sciences
                Medical Conditions
                Parasitic Diseases
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Organisms
                Eukaryota
                Protozoans
                Parasitic Protozoans
                Leishmania
                Leishmania Infantum
                Custom metadata
                vor-update-to-uncorrected-proof
                2021-02-08
                All relevant data are within the manuscript and its Supporting Information files.

                Infectious disease & Microbiology
                Infectious disease & Microbiology

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