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      Biomarkers of Nutrition and Health: New Tools for New Approaches

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          Abstract

          A main challenge in nutritional studies is the valid and reliable assessment of food intake, as well as its effects on the body. Generally, food intake measurement is based on self-reported dietary intake questionnaires, which have inherent limitations. They can be overcome by the use of biomarkers, capable of objectively assessing food consumption without the bias of self-reported dietary assessment. Another major goal is to determine the biological effects of foods and their impact on health. Systems analysis of dynamic responses may help to identify biomarkers indicative of intake and effects on the body at the same time, possibly in relation to individuals’ health/disease states. Such biomarkers could be used to quantify intake and validate intake questionnaires, analyse physiological or pathological responses to certain food components or diets, identify persons with specific dietary deficiency, provide information on inter-individual variations or help to formulate personalized dietary recommendations to achieve optimal health for particular phenotypes, currently referred as “precision nutrition.” In this regard, holistic approaches using global analysis methods (omics approaches), capable of gathering high amounts of data, appear to be very useful to identify new biomarkers and to enhance our understanding of the role of food in health and disease.

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          Innovation: Metabolomics: the apogee of the omics trilogy.

          Metabolites, the chemical entities that are transformed during metabolism, provide a functional readout of cellular biochemistry. With emerging technologies in mass spectrometry, thousands of metabolites can now be quantitatively measured from minimal amounts of biological material, which has thereby enabled systems-level analyses. By performing global metabolite profiling, also known as untargeted metabolomics, new discoveries linking cellular pathways to biological mechanism are being revealed and are shaping our understanding of cell biology, physiology and medicine.
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            The Biochemistry and Physiology of Mitochondrial Fatty Acid β-Oxidation and Its Genetic Disorders

            Mitochondrial fatty acid β-oxidation (FAO) is the major pathway for the degradation of fatty acids and is essential for maintaining energy homeostasis in the human body. Fatty acids are a crucial energy source in the postabsorptive and fasted states when glucose supply is limiting. But even when glucose is abundantly available, FAO is a main energy source for the heart, skeletal muscle, and kidney. A series of enzymes, transporters, and other facilitating proteins are involved in FAO. Recessively inherited defects are known for most of the genes encoding these proteins. The clinical presentation of these disorders may include hypoketotic hypoglycemia, (cardio)myopathy, arrhythmia, and rhabdomyolysis and illustrates the importance of FAO during fasting and in hepatic and (cardio)muscular function. In this review, we present the current state of knowledge on the biochemistry and physiological functions of FAO and discuss the pathophysiological processes associated with FAO disorders.
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              Gut microbiota composition and activity in relation to host metabolic phenotype and disease risk.

              The symbiotic gut microbiota modulate health and disease of the host through a series of transgenomic metabolic and immune regulatory axes. We explore connections between microbiome composition and function related to individual metabolic phenotypes and consider these interactions as possible targets for developing new personalized therapies and clinical management strategies. Copyright © 2012 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Nutrients
                Nutrients
                nutrients
                Nutrients
                MDPI
                2072-6643
                16 May 2019
                May 2019
                : 11
                : 5
                : 1092
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Nutrition and Biotechnology (Group of Nutrigenomics and Obesity), CIBER de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn) and Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Illes Balears (IdISBa), University of the Balearic Islands, ES-07122 Palma de Mallorca, Spain; cati.pico@ 123456uib.es (C.P.); amrodriguez@ 123456uib.es (A.M.R.); andreu.palou@ 123456uib.es (A.P.)
                [2 ]Human and Animal Physiology, Wageningen University, PO Box 338, 6700 AH Wageningen, The Netherlands; jaap.keijer@ 123456wur.nl
                Author notes
                [* ]Correspondence: francisca.serra@ 123456uib.es ; Tel.: +34-971-173051
                Author information
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8307-9732
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9720-7491
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0295-4452
                Article
                nutrients-11-01092
                10.3390/nu11051092
                6567133
                31100942
                efbb3975-aa6f-4f77-b655-e383f61a5e6d
                © 2019 by the authors.

                Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

                History
                : 04 April 2019
                : 08 May 2019
                Categories
                Review

                Nutrition & Dietetics
                food intake assessment,integrative biomarkers,omics technologies,precision nutrition

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