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      Applying science to pressing conservation needs for penguins

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          Abstract

          More than half of the world's 18 penguin species are declining. We, the Steering Committee of the International Union for Conservation of Nature Species Survival Commission Penguin Specialist Group, determined that the penguin species in most critical need of conservation action are African penguin (Spheniscus demersus), Galápagos penguin (Spheniscus mendiculus), and Yellow‐eyed penguin (Megadyptes antipodes). Due to small or rapidly declining populations, these species require immediate scientific collaboration and policy intervention. We also used a pairwise‐ranking approach to prioritize research and conservation needs for all penguins. Among the 12 cross‐taxa research areas we identified, we ranked quantifying population trends, estimating demographic rates, forecasting environmental patterns of change, and improving the knowledge of fisheries interactions as the highest priorities. The highest ranked conservation needs were to enhance marine spatial planning, improve stakeholder engagement, and develop disaster‐management and species‐specific action plans. We concurred that, to improve the translation of science into effective conservation for penguins, the scientific community and funding bodies must recognize the importance of and support long‐term research; research on and conservation of penguins must expand its focus to include the nonbreeding season and juvenile stage; marine reserves must be designed at ecologically appropriate spatial and temporal scales; and communication between scientists and decision makers must be improved with the help of individual scientists and interdisciplinary working groups.

          Abstract

          Article impact statement: Safeguarding the future of penguins requires collaboration among scientists and policymakers and immediate, informed conservation action.

          Translated abstract

          Aplicación de Ciencia en las Necesidades de Conservación Urgentes para los Pingüinos.

          Resumen

          Más de la mitad de las 18 especies de pingüinos del mundo están disminuyendo. Nosotros, el Comité Directivo de la Unión Internacional para la Conservación de la Naturaleza, Grupo de Especialistas en Pingüinos, determinamos que las especies de pingüinos con necesidades críticas de conservación son el pingüino africano ( Spheniscus demersus), el pingüino de las Galápagos ( Spheniscus mendiculus) y el pingüino de ojos amarillos ( Megadyptes antipodes). Debido a que sus poblaciones son pequeñas o están declinando rápidamente, estos pingüinos requieren colaboración científica e intervención política inmediatas. También utilizamos un método de clasificación por pares para priorizar las necesidades de investigación y conservación para todas las especies de pingüinos. Entre las 12 áreas de investigación que identificamos, las más prioritarias fueron: cuantificación de las tendencias poblacionales, estimación de las tasas demográficas, predicción de las patrones de cambio ambiental y mejora del conocimiento de las interacciones con pesquerías. Las mayores necesidades de conservación fueron: optimizar la planificación marina espacial, mejorar la colaboración de las partes interesadas y desarrollar planes de manejo de desastres y de acción para cada especie. Coincidimos en que, para mejorar la traducción de la ciencia en la conservación efectiva de los pingüinos, la comunidad científica y los organismos financiadores deben reconocer la importancia de la investigación a largo plazo y apoyarla; la investigación sobre pingüinos y su conservación debe expandir su enfoque para incluir la época no reproductiva y la etapa juvenil; las reservas marinas deben ser diseñadas a escalas espaciotemporales ecológicamente apropiadas; y la comunicación entre científicos y tomadores de decisiones debe mejorar con la ayuda de científicos individuales y grupos de trabajo interdisciplinario.

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          Most cited references98

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          Seabird conservation status, threats and priority actions: a global assessment

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            Penguins as Marine Sentinels

            P. Boersma (2008)
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              Marine no-take zone rapidly benefits endangered penguin.

              No-take zones may protect populations of targeted marine species and restore the integrity of marine ecosystems, but it is unclear whether they benefit top predators that rely on mobile pelagic fishes. In South Africa, foraging effort of breeding African penguins decreased by 30 per cent within three months of closing a 20 km zone to the competing purse-seine fisheries around their largest colony. After the fishing ban, most of the penguins from this island had shifted their feeding effort inside the closed area. Birds breeding at another colony situated 50 km away, whose fishing grounds remained open to fishing, increased their foraging effort during the same period. This demonstrates the immediate benefit of a relatively small no-take zone for a marine top predator relying on pelagic prey. Selecting such small protected areas may be an important first conservation step, minimizing stakeholder conflicts and easing compliance, while ensuring benefit for the ecosystems within these habitats.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                ngownaris@gmail.com
                Journal
                Conserv Biol
                Conserv. Biol
                10.1111/(ISSN)1523-1739
                COBI
                Conservation Biology
                John Wiley and Sons Inc. (Hoboken )
                0888-8892
                1523-1739
                13 August 2019
                February 2020
                : 34
                : 1 ( doiID: 10.1111/cobi.v34.1 )
                : 103-112
                Affiliations
                [ 1 ] Center for Ecosystem Sentinels and Department of Biology University of Washington Seattle WA 98103 U.S.A.
                [ 2 ] Global Penguin Society Puerto Madryn 9120 Argentina
                [ 3 ] CESIMAR CCT Cenpat‐CONICET 9120 Puerto Madryn Chubut Argentina
                [ 4 ] Centre d'Etudes Biologiques de Chizé 79360 Villiers‐en‐Bois France
                [ 5 ] Conservation Department Phillip Island Nature Parks Cowes VIC 3922 Australia
                [ 6 ] International Rhino Foundation Strasburg VA 22657 U.S.A.
                [ 7 ] Detroit Zoological Society Royal Oak MI 48067 U.S.A.
                [ 8 ] Department of Zoology University of Otago Dunedin 9016 New Zealand
                [ 9 ] Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida Universidad Andres Bello Santiago 8370146 Chile
                [ 10 ] British Antarctic Survey Cambridge CB3 0ET U.K.
                [ 11 ] Southern African Foundation for the Conservation of Coastal Birds (SANCCOB) Cape Town 7441 South Africa
                [ 12 ] Department of Biodiversity and Conservation Biology University of the Western Cape Bellville Cape Town 7535 South Africa
                [ 13 ] Australian Antarctic Division Kingston TAS 7050 Australia
                Author notes
                [*] [* ]Address correspondence to N.J. Gownaris, email ngownaris@ 123456gmail.com
                Author information
                https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4963-1447
                Article
                COBI13378
                10.1111/cobi.13378
                7027562
                31257646
                efc2b094-4de8-4576-9d22-8dfc6951f764
                © 2019 The Authors. Conservation Biology published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of Society for Conservation Biology

                This is an open access article under the terms of the http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

                History
                : 17 December 2018
                : 25 June 2019
                : 25 June 2019
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 2, Pages: 10, Words: 6965
                Funding
                Funded by: Deep Aquarium
                Categories
                Essay
                Essays
                Custom metadata
                2.0
                February 2020
                Converter:WILEY_ML3GV2_TO_JATSPMC version:5.7.5 mode:remove_FC converted:18.02.2020

                Ecology
                climate change,ecosystem sentinels,knowledge gaps,marine spatial planning,nonbreeding habitat,pairwise ranking,science communication,cambio climático,centinelas de ecosistemas,clasificación por pares,comunicación científica,hábitat no reproductor,planificación marina espacial,vacíos de conocimiento

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