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      Tuberculosis en la comarca de Lorca: adaptarse o resistir Translated title: Tuberculosis in the area of Lorca: to adapt or resist

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          Abstract

          Objetivo: analizar las características epidemiológicas de los casos de tuberculosis del área de salud de la comarca de Lorca, su resistencia a fármacos y el impacto de la población inmigrante mayoritaria (Ecuador) en la misma. Pacientes y métodos: estudio longitudinal, retrospectivo de 6 años de duración (de enero de 1999 a diciembre 2004). Se recogieron datos epidemiológicos de cada caso, probabilidad diagnóstica inicial, tinciones diagnósticas, aislamientos, resistencia a fármacos, respuesta al tratamiento, así como, las diferencias epidemiológicas existentes entre inmigrantes y autóctonos. Resultados: Se identificaron 158 casos, 41.7% eran inmigrantes con menos de 1 año de estancia en nuestro país, mayoritariamente procedentes de Ecuador. Observamos que la tuberculosis extrapulmonar para el clínico tenía una probabilidad diagnóstica baja, mientras que la pleural era alta, junto a síntomas como hemoptisis, dolor pleurítico y constitucionales. En 35.4% de los casos se idéntifico germen por tinción en muestras respiratorias. Se obtuvo un 74% de resultados satisfactorios por el tratamiento y 13.9% de abandono asociado frecuentemente con la inmigración. La resistencia a isoniazida en no tratados fue del 5.3% en el área, 9.5% en el caso de inmigrantes y 10.8% en los oriundos de Ecuador. Conclusión: Se debe mejorar en: la detección de los casos extrapulmonares, evitar el abandono con la captación de los enfermos y la curación de enfermedad. Las resistencias a isoniazida en nuestra área sugiere adaptarse a tratamientos de inicio con cuatro fármacos y no a tres para evitar incremento de resistencias en nuestra área de salud.

          Translated abstract

          Objetive: We studied the epidemiological characteristic of tuberculosis in Lorca area, drug resistant and the effect of the immigration population (Ecuador) in this area. Patients and methods: A retrospective study for six years ago (1999, January to 2004, December) was realized. Epidemiological data, initial diagnostic probability, mycobacteria stain and cultive, drug resistance, treatment response, and epidemiological differences between immigrants and spain population were compared. Results: Within 158 cases registred, 41.7 percent were immigrants with less than one year in Spain, the most part Ecuador population. We observed that extrapulmonar tuberculosis was lower initial diagnostic probability than pleural disease as well too haemoptisis, pleural pain and weight loss. It was identified positive micobacterial stain in 35.4 percent of respiratory samples. It was succesfully results in 74 percent of cases and 13.9 percent of patients were lost, this result was frecuently registred in immigrants, The isoniazide resistant in patients with not previous treatment was 5.3 percent and it was 9.5 percent in immigrants and 10.8 percent in Ecuador population. Conclusion: It is necessary improve: the diagnostic of extrapulmonar tuberculosis and avoid loss patient by programs of capture and then the succesfully treatments raise. The isoniazide resistant in this area suggest that we must use initial four drug than tree and this manner not raise the drug resistant in the area.

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          Salud e inmigración: nuevas realidades y nuevos retos

          La nueva situación sociodemográfica del Estado español, vinculada a la incorporación de poblaciones inmigrantes, requiere mejorar el conocimiento de su estado de salud y determinar las prioridades preventivas y asistenciales. Se realiza una revisión bibliográfica de la información disponible sobre salud e inmigración, analizando sus contenidos desde una óptica de salud pública. Entre los resultados encontrados cabe destacar la elevada proporción de recién nacidos de mujeres de origen extranjero, las necesidades en salud mental, la detección de los déficit en salud bucodental y el incremento de casos de tuberculosis que, junto a limitaciones de las coberturas vacunales en la población infantil, definen el espectro de la salud de esta población. Del análisis de los servicios de salud se desprende la elevada frecuentación de los servicios de ginecología y obstetricia y pediatría por parte de la población inmigrante. La población inmigrante, a pesar de no presentar necesidades específicas en materia de salud, incluye colectivos que requieren una especial atención respecto a la tuberculosis, la salud materno-infantil y la prevención y promoción de la salud. Se recomienda reforzar y adaptar los recursos y servicios de salud potenciando la figura del agente de salud y los recursos humanos y formativos de los profesionales.
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            Determinants of patient delay among tuberculosis cases in Spain.

            Patient delay was investigated in a cohort of TB patients identified from May 1996 until April 1997 in 13 Autonomous Regions in Spain. The study covered almost 67% of the total Spanish population. Data were collected from clinical records. Using unconditional logistic regression with two different cut-off points to define 'patient delay' (the median and 75th percentile), the association between patient delay and different factors was estimated. A total of 7,037 cases were included. Median and 75th percentile delays were 22 and 57 days respectively. Factors associated with patient delay greater than the median (p<0.05) were: non-respiratory symptoms of TB and age over 14 years, although the effect of age was not linear. Furthermore, an interaction was observed between intravenous drug user (IDU) and HIV status, in that, whereas patient delay was greater in IDUs than in non-IDUs among cases whose HIV status was either negative or unknown, among HIV-positive patients no such IDU-related differences were in evidence. Factors associated with extreme patient delay (greater than the 75th percentile) were essentially the same, but the above-described interaction disappeared, with IDU status showing no direct effect. In addition, likelihood of extreme patient delay increased in the case of alcoholism and female gender and decreased in the case of chronic renal failure, corticoid treatment, prison inmates and residents of old age homes. Although there is a universally enjoyed right to health care in Spain, some groups of TB patients could nevertheless be experiencing problems in seeking medical attention.
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              Epidemiology of tuberculosis in Europe.

              H Rieder (1995)
              The risk of exposure to tuberculosis depends upon the incidence of infectious cases, the duration of their infectiousness, and the number of personal interactions an infectious case accomplishes per unit of time. The risk of infection, given exposure, depends on the density of infectious particles in the ambient air x duration of exposure to that air. The risk of infection has rapidly declined in Europe for decades by 10% or more annually, resulting in a shift of the infected to the oldest generation. Thus, with the passage of time, cohorts are increasingly replaced by successive cohorts with less and less infection. The risk of progression from infection to tuberculosis depends largely on the cellular immune system's capability to prevent tubercle bacilli from multiplication. The three most important risk factors for the progression from subclinical infection to tuberculosis include: human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, recency of infection, and fibrotic residuals from earlier tuberculosis. The number of tuberculosis cases has rapidly decreased during this century, accompanied by an upward shift in the median age of patients. In recent years, tuberculosis among immigrants has gained in significance and is likely to continue to do so, while HIV infection has limited impact on the tuberculosis epidemic in Europe. The risk of dying from tuberculosis is determined by form and site of disease, and patient's and doctor's delay. The number of deaths caused by tuberculosis in Europe is rapidly decreasing.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Journal
                ami
                Anales de Medicina Interna
                An. Med. Interna (Madrid)
                Arán Ediciones, S. L. (, , Spain )
                0212-7199
                July 2006
                : 23
                : 7
                : 321-325
                Affiliations
                [03] Murcia orgnameHospital Reina Sofía
                [01] Lorca Murcia orgnameHospital Rafael Méndez
                [04] Región de Murcia orgnameConsejería de Sanidad
                [02] Murcia orgnameHospital Virgen de la Arrixaca
                Article
                S0212-71992006000700005
                10.4321/s0212-71992006000700005
                17067231
                efd10df8-a1c6-4643-8ddd-62c954ff682d

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 3.0 International License.

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                SciELO Spain


                Tuberculosis,Epidemiología,Inmigración,España,Ecuador,Resistencia,Epidemiology,Immigration,Spain,Drug-resistant

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