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      Evidence of Prolonged Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever Virus Endemicity by Retrospective Serosurvey, Eastern Spain

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          Abstract

          We conducted a retrospective serosurvey for antibodies against Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus in wild ungulates along the eastern Mediterranean Coast of Spain. The virus has been endemic in this region since 2010 but is mainly restricted to geographic clusters with extremely high seropositivity associated with high density of bovids.

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          The ecology of ticks and epidemiology of tick-borne viral diseases.

          Agustín Estrada-Peña, José de la Fuente (2014)
          A number of tick-borne diseases of humans have increased in incidence and geographic range over the past few decades, and there is concern that they will pose an even greater threat to public health in future. Although global warming is often cited as the underlying mechanism favoring the spread of tick-borne diseases, climate is just one of many factors that determine which tick species are found in a given geographic region, their population density, the likelihood that they will be infected with microbes pathogenic for humans and the frequency of tick-human contact. This article provides basic information needed for microbiologists to understand the many factors that affect the geographic range and population density of ticks and the risk of human exposure to infected ticks. It first briefly summarizes the life cycle and basic ecology of ticks and how ticks and vertebrate hosts interact, then reviews current understanding of the role of climate, sociodemographic factors, agricultural development and changes in human behavior that affect the incidence of tick-borne diseases. These concepts are then illustrated in specific discussions of tick-borne encephalitis and Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever. Copyright © 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
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            The global distribution of Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever

            Jane Messina, David M. Pigott, Nick Golding … (2015)
            Background Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever (CCHF) is a tick-borne infection caused by a virus (CCHFV) from the Bunyaviridae family. Domestic and wild vertebrates are asymptomatic reservoirs for the virus, putting animal handlers, slaughter-house workers and agricultural labourers at highest risk in endemic areas, with secondary transmission possible through contact with infected blood and other bodily fluids. Human infection is characterized by severe symptoms that often result in death. While it is known that CCHFV transmission is limited to Africa, Asia and Europe, definitive global extents and risk patterns within these limits have not been well described. Methods We used an exhaustive database of human CCHF occurrence records and a niche modeling framework to map the global distribution of risk for human CCHF occurrence. Results A greater proportion of shrub or grass land cover was the most important contributor to our model, which predicts highest levels of risk around the Black Sea, Turkey, and some parts of central Asia. Sub-Saharan Africa shows more focalized areas of risk throughout the Sahel and the Cape region. Conclusions These new risk maps provide a valuable starting point for understanding the zoonotic niche of CCHF, its extent and the risk it poses to humans.
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              Seroepidemiological Studies of Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever Virus in Domestic and Wild Animals

              Jessica R. Spengler, Eric Bergeron, Pierre Rollin (2016)
              Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever (CCHF) is a widely distributed, tick-borne viral disease. Humans are the only species known to develop illness after CCHF virus (CCHFV) infection, characterized by a nonspecific febrile illness that can progress to severe, often fatal, hemorrhagic disease. A variety of animals may serve as asymptomatic reservoirs of CCHFV in an endemic cycle of transmission. Seroepidemiological studies have been instrumental in elucidating CCHFV reservoirs and in determining endemic foci of viral transmission. Herein, we review over 50 years of CCHFV seroepidemiological studies in domestic and wild animals. This review highlights the role of livestock in the maintenance and transmission of CCHFV, and provides a detailed summary of seroepidemiological studies of wild animal species, reflecting their relative roles in CCHFV ecology.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Emerg Infect Dis
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Emerg Infect Dis
                Journal ID (publisher-id): EID
                Title: Emerging Infectious Diseases
                Publisher: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
                ISSN (Print): 1080-6040
                ISSN (Electronic): 1080-6059
                Publication date (Print): May 2022
                Volume: 28
                Issue: 5
                Pages: 1031-1034
                Affiliations
                [1]Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain (L. Carrera-Faja, J. Espunyes, O. Cabezón);
                [2]Universidad Cardenal Herrera-CEU, Valencia, Spain (J. Cardells, V. Lizana, G. Alfaro-Deval);
                [3]Institut de Recerca i Tecnologia Agroalimentàries, Bellaterra (L. Pailler-García, S. Napp)
                Author notes
                Address for correspondence: Johan Espunyes; Wildlife Conservation Medicine Research Group (WildCoM), Departament de Medicina i Cirurgia Animals, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain; email: johan.espunyes@ 123456uab.cat
                Article
                Publisher ID: 21-2335
                DOI: 10.3201/eid2805.212335
                PMC ID: 9045418
                PubMed ID: 35447055
                SO-VID: efea18b1-2c71-44f1-a5fb-0c45f0beea61
                Copyright statement: Copyright @ 2022
                License:

                Preventing Chronic Disease is a publication of the U.S. Government. This publication is in the public domain and is therefore without copyright. All text from this work may be reprinted freely. Use of these materials should be properly cited.

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                Categories
                Subject: Dispatch
                Subject: Dispatch
                Subject: Evidence of Prolonged Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever Virus Endemicity by Retrospective Serosurvey, Eastern Spain

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Infectious disease & Microbiology
                Keywords: crimean-congo hemorrhagic fever,viruses,zoonoses,parasites,tickborne disease,vector-borne infections,emerging infections,ixodidae,hyalomma ticks,mediterranean,ungulates,spain
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Infectious disease & Microbiology
                Keywords: crimean-congo hemorrhagic fever, viruses, zoonoses, parasites, tickborne disease, vector-borne infections, emerging infections, ixodidae, hyalomma ticks, mediterranean, ungulates, spain

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