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      Telomere structure in insects: A review

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          The genome of the model beetle and pest Tribolium castaneum.

          Tribolium castaneum is a member of the most species-rich eukaryotic order, a powerful model organism for the study of generalized insect development, and an important pest of stored agricultural products. We describe its genome sequence here. This omnivorous beetle has evolved the ability to interact with a diverse chemical environment, as shown by large expansions in odorant and gustatory receptors, as well as P450 and other detoxification enzymes. Development in Tribolium is more representative of other insects than is Drosophila, a fact reflected in gene content and function. For example, Tribolium has retained more ancestral genes involved in cell-cell communication than Drosophila, some being expressed in the growth zone crucial for axial elongation in short-germ development. Systemic RNA interference in T. castaneum functions differently from that in Caenorhabditis elegans, but nevertheless offers similar power for the elucidation of gene function and identification of targets for selective insect control.
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            A telomeric sequence in the RNA of Tetrahymena telomerase required for telomere repeat synthesis.

            The telomerase enzyme of Tetrahymena synthesizes repeats of the telomeric DNA sequence TTGGGG de novo in the absence of added template. The essential RNA component of this ribonucleoprotein enzyme has now been cloned and found to contain the sequence CAACCCCAA, which seems to be the template for the synthesis of TTGGGG repeats.
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              Genome sequences of the human body louse and its primary endosymbiont provide insights into the permanent parasitic lifestyle.

              As an obligatory parasite of humans, the body louse (Pediculus humanus humanus) is an important vector for human diseases, including epidemic typhus, relapsing fever, and trench fever. Here, we present genome sequences of the body louse and its primary bacterial endosymbiont Candidatus Riesia pediculicola. The body louse has the smallest known insect genome, spanning 108 Mb. Despite its status as an obligate parasite, it retains a remarkably complete basal insect repertoire of 10,773 protein-coding genes and 57 microRNAs. Representing hemimetabolous insects, the genome of the body louse thus provides a reference for studies of holometabolous insects. Compared with other insect genomes, the body louse genome contains significantly fewer genes associated with environmental sensing and response, including odorant and gustatory receptors and detoxifying enzymes. The unique architecture of the 18 minicircular mitochondrial chromosomes of the body louse may be linked to the loss of the gene encoding the mitochondrial single-stranded DNA binding protein. The genome of the obligatory louse endosymbiont Candidatus Riesia pediculicola encodes less than 600 genes on a short, linear chromosome and a circular plasmid. The plasmid harbors a unique arrangement of genes required for the synthesis of pantothenate, an essential vitamin deficient in the louse diet. The human body louse, its primary endosymbiont, and the bacterial pathogens that it vectors all possess genomes reduced in size compared with their free-living close relatives. Thus, the body louse genome project offers unique information and tools to use in advancing understanding of coevolution among vectors, symbionts, and pathogens.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal of Zoological Systematics and Evolutionary Research
                J Zool Syst Evol Res
                Wiley
                0947-5745
                1439-0469
                February 2020
                November 19 2019
                February 2020
                : 58
                : 1
                : 127-158
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Department of Karyosystematics, Zoological Institute Russian Academy of Sciences St. Petersburg Russia
                [2 ]Cytotaxonomy and Evolution Research Group, Institute of Biodiversity and Ecosystem Research Bulgarian Academy of Sciences Sofia Bulgaria
                [3 ]Botanical Garden Moscow State University Moscow Russia
                Article
                10.1111/jzs.12332
                f015a35a-6eb5-4f7a-acde-f278fb7d6068
                © 2020

                http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/termsAndConditions#vor

                http://doi.wiley.com/10.1002/tdm_license_1.1

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