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      Clinical applications of laser speckle contrast imaging: a review

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          Abstract.

          When a biological tissue is illuminated with coherent light, an interference pattern will be formed at the detector, the so-called speckle pattern. Laser speckle contrast imaging (LSCI) is a technique based on the dynamic change in this backscattered light as a result of interaction with red blood cells. It can be used to visualize perfusion in various tissues and, even though this technique has been extensively described in the literature, the actual clinical implementation lags behind. We provide an overview of LSCI as a tool to image tissue perfusion. We present a brief introduction to the theory, review clinical studies from various medical fields, and discuss current limitations impeding clinical acceptance.

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          Most cited references109

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          Dynamic imaging of cerebral blood flow using laser speckle.

          A method for dynamic, high-resolution cerebral blood flow (CBF) imaging is presented in this article. By illuminating the cortex with laser light and imaging the resulting speckle pattern, relative CBF images with tens of microns spatial and millisecond temporal resolution are obtained. The regional CBF changes measured with the speckle technique are validated through direct comparison with conventional laser-Doppler measurements. Using this method, dynamic images of the relative CBF changes during focal cerebral ischemia and cortical spreading depression were obtained along with electrophysiologic recordings. Upon middle cerebral artery (MCA) occlusion, the speckle technique yielded high-resolution images of the residual CBF gradient encompassing the ischemic core, penumbra, oligemic, and normally perfused tissues over a 6 x 4 mm cortical area. Successive speckle images demonstrated a further decrease in residual CBF indicating an expansion of the ischemic zone with finely delineated borders. Dynamic CBF images during cortical spreading depression revealed a 2 to 3 mm area of increased CBF (160% to 250%) that propagated with a velocity of 2 to 3 mm/min. This technique is easy to implement and can be used to monitor the spatial and temporal evolution of CBF changes with high resolution in studies of cerebral pathophysiology.
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            Laser speckle contrast imaging: theoretical and practical limitations.

            When laser light illuminates a diffuse object, it produces a random interference effect known as a speckle pattern. If there is movement in the object, the speckles fluctuate in intensity. These fluctuations can provide information about the movement. A simple way of accessing this information is to image the speckle pattern with an exposure time longer than the shortest speckle fluctuation time scale-the fluctuations cause a blurring of the speckle, leading to a reduction in the local speckle contrast. Thus, velocity distributions are coded as speckle contrast variations. The same information can be obtained by using the Doppler effect, but producing a two-dimensional Doppler map requires either scanning of the laser beam or imaging with a high-speed camera: laser speckle contrast imaging (LSCI) avoids the need to scan and can be performed with a normal CCD- or CMOS-camera. LSCI is used primarily to map flow systems, especially blood flow. The development of LSCI is reviewed and its limitations and problems are investigated.
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              Surgeons lack predictive accuracy for anastomotic leakage in gastrointestinal surgery.

              The dramatic clinical consequences of anastomotic leakage in gastrointestinal surgery can be reduced by a diverting stoma or drainage of the peri-anastomotic area. Currently, the surgeons' clinical judgement is of major importance in decision making, but reliable data of the diagnostic accuracy are lacking. In this prospective clinical study, the surgeons' predictive accuracy for anastomotic leakage was evaluated. In 191 patients undergoing colorectal resection with anastomosis, the risk for anastomotic leakage was determined by the surgeon on the basis of a visual analogue scale (VAS). This risk assessment was compared to the actual occurrence of anastomotic leakage post-operatively. A total of 26 (13.6%) patients showed anastomotic leakage. The surgeons' median predicted leakage rate was 7.1% in anastomoses >15 cm from the anal verge and 9.5%
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                J Biomed Opt
                J Biomed Opt
                JBOPFO
                JBO
                Journal of Biomedical Optics
                Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers
                1083-3668
                1560-2281
                5 August 2019
                August 2019
                5 August 2019
                : 24
                : 8
                : 080901
                Affiliations
                [a ]University of Groningen , Faculty Campus Fryslân, Leeuwarden, The Netherlands
                [b ]University Medical Centre Groningen , Department of Surgery, Optical Molecular Imaging Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
                [c ]LIMIS Development BV , Leeuwarden, The Netherlands
                [d ]University of Twente , Techmed Center, Faculty of Science and Technology, Biomedical Photonic Imaging Group, Enschede, The Netherlands
                [e ]Medical Centre Leeuwarden , Department of Intensive Care, Leeuwarden, The Netherlands
                Author notes
                [* ]Address all correspondence to E. Christiaan Boerma, E-mail: e.boerma@ 123456chello.nl
                Author information
                https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0784-1876
                https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7928-5309
                Article
                JBO-190122VRR 190122VRR
                10.1117/1.JBO.24.8.080901
                6983474
                31385481
                f01de922-1bf9-4158-8ea8-49d66f7635b1
                © The Authors. Published by SPIE under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 Unported License. Distribution or reproduction of this work in whole or in part requires full attribution of the original publication, including its DOI.
                History
                : 15 April 2019
                : 2 July 2019
                Page count
                Figures: 9, Tables: 0, References: 116, Pages: 11
                Funding
                Funded by: Samenwerkingsverband Noord Nederland (SNN)
                Award ID: KEI18PR004
                Categories
                Review Papers
                Paper
                Custom metadata
                Heeman et al.: Clinical applications of laser speckle contrast imaging: a review

                Biomedical engineering
                laser speckle contrast imaging,burn wounds,retinal perfusion,cerebral blood flow,microcirculation

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