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      Using Two Different Approaches to Assess Dietary Patterns: Hypothesis-Driven and Data-Driven Analysis

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          Abstract

          The use of dietary patterns to assess dietary intake has become increasingly common in nutritional epidemiology studies due to the complexity and multidimensionality of the diet. Currently, two main approaches have been widely used to assess dietary patterns: data-driven and hypothesis-driven analysis. Since the methods explore different angles of dietary intake, using both approaches simultaneously might yield complementary and useful information; thus, we aimed to use both approaches to gain knowledge of adolescents’ dietary patterns. Food intake from a cross-sectional survey with 295 adolescents was assessed by 24 h dietary recall (24HR). In hypothesis-driven analysis, based on the American National Cancer Institute method, the usual intake of Brazilian Healthy Eating Index Revised components were estimated. In the data-driven approach, the usual intake of foods/food groups was estimated by the Multiple Source Method. In the results, hypothesis-driven analysis showed low scores for Whole grains, Total vegetables, Total fruit and Whole fruits), while, in data-driven analysis, fruits and whole grains were not presented in any pattern. High intakes of sodium, fats and sugars were observed in hypothesis-driven analysis with low total scores for Sodium, Saturated fat and SoFAA (calories from solid fat, alcohol and added sugar) components in agreement, while the data-driven approach showed the intake of several foods/food groups rich in these nutrients, such as butter/margarine, cookies, chocolate powder, whole milk, cheese, processed meat/cold cuts and candies. In this study, using both approaches at the same time provided consistent and complementary information with regard to assessing the overall dietary habits that will be important in order to drive public health programs, and improve their efficiency to monitor and evaluate the dietary patterns of populations.

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          Most cited references41

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          A Simple Test for Heteroscedasticity and Random Coefficient Variation

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            Little Jiffy, Mark Iv

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              Body mass index cut offs to define thinness in children and adolescents: international survey.

              To determine cut offs to define thinness in children and adolescents, based on body mass index at age 18 years. International survey of six large nationally representative cross sectional studies on growth. Brazil, Great Britain, Hong Kong, the Netherlands, Singapore, and the United States. 97 876 males and 94 851 females from birth to 25 years. Body mass index (BMI, weight/height(2)). The World Health Organization defines grade 2 thinness in adults as BMI <17. This same cut off, applied to the six datasets at age 18 years, gave mean BMI close to a z score of -2 and 80% of the median. Thus it matches existing criteria for wasting in children based on weight for height. For each dataset, centile curves were drawn to pass through the cut off of BMI 17 at 18 years. The resulting curves were averaged to provide age and sex specific cut-off points from 2-18 years. Similar cut offs were derived based on BMI 16 and 18.5 at 18 years, together providing definitions of thinness grades 1, 2, and 3 in children and adolescents consistent with the WHO adult definitions. The proposed cut-off points should help to provide internationally comparable prevalence rates of thinness in children and adolescents.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Nutrients
                Nutrients
                nutrients
                Nutrients
                MDPI
                2072-6643
                23 September 2016
                October 2016
                : 8
                : 10
                : 593
                Affiliations
                Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, University of São Paulo-USP, São Paulo 01246-904, Brazil; samantha.caesar@ 123456gmail.com (S.C.d.A.); rfisberg@ 123456usp.br (R.M.F.); marchioni@ 123456usp.br (D.M.M.)
                Author notes
                [* ]Correspondence: agatha.usp@ 123456gmail.com ; Tel.: +55-113-061-7804
                Article
                nutrients-08-00593
                10.3390/nu8100593
                5083981
                27669289
                f03a27ae-36eb-402a-bcdd-cfc8e5d71d7d
                © 2016 by the authors; licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.

                This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC-BY) license ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

                History
                : 03 June 2016
                : 01 September 2016
                Categories
                Article

                Nutrition & Dietetics
                adolescents,dietary approaches,dietary patterns,brazilian healthy eating index revised (bhei-r),factor analysis,diet quality

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