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      Tráfego veicular e mortalidade por doenças do aparelho circulatório em homens adultos Translated title: Tráfico vehicular y mortalidad por enfermedades del aparato circulatorio en hombres Translated title: Motor vehicle traffic and cardiovascular mortality in male adults

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          Abstract

          OBJETIVO: Analisar a associação entre indicadores de exposição à poluição por tráfego veicular e mortalidade por doenças do aparelho circulatório em homens adultos. MÉTODOS: Foram analisadas informações sobre vias e volume de tráfego no ano de 2007 fornecidas pela companhia de engenharia de tráfego local. Mortalidade por doenças do aparelho circulatório no ano de 2005 entre homens > 40 anos foram obtidas do registro de mortalidade do Programa de Aprimoramento de Informações de Mortalidade do Município de São Paulo, SP. Dados socioeconômicos do Censo 2000 e informações sobre a localização dos serviços de saúde também foram coletados. A exposição foi avaliada pela densidade de vias e volume de tráfego para cada distrito administrativo. Foi calculada regressão (α = 5%) entre esses indicadores de exposição e as taxas de mortalidade padronizadas, ajustando os modelos para variáveis socioeconômicas, número de serviços de saúde nos distritos e autocorrelação espacial. RESULTADOS: A correlação entre densidade de vias e volume de tráfego foi modesta (r² = 0,28). Os distritos do centro apresentaram os maiores valores de densidade de vias. O modelo de regressão espacial de densidade de vias indicou associação com mortalidade por doenças do aparelho circulatório (p = 0,017). Não se observou associação no modelo de volume de tráfego. Em ambos os modelos - vias e volume de tráfego (veículos leves/pesados) - a variável socioeconômica foi estatisticamente significante. CONCLUSÕES: A associação entre mortalidade por doenças do aparelho circulatório e densidade de vias converge com a literatura e encoraja a realização de mais estudos epidemiológicos em nível individual e com métodos mais acurados de avaliação da exposição.

          Translated abstract

          OBJETIVO: Analizar la asociación entre indicadores de exposición a la contaminación por tráfico vehicular y mortalidad por enfermedades del aparato circulatorio en hombres adultos. MéTODOS: Se analizaron informaciones sobre vía y volumen de tráfico para 2007 suministradas por la compañía de ingeniería de tráfico local. La mortalidad por enfermedades del aparato circulatorio en 2005 entre hombres = 40 años fue obtenida del registro de mortalidad del Programa de Mejoramiento de Informaciones de Mortalidad del Municipio de Sao Paulo, Sureste de Brasil. Datos socioeconómicos del Ceso 2000 e informaciones de la localización de los servicios de salud también fueron colectados. La exposición fue evaluada por la densidad de las vías y volumen de tráfico para cada distrito administrativo. Se calculó la regresión (a=5%) entre estos indicadores de exposición y las tasas de mortalidad estandarizadas, ajustando los modelos para variables socioeconómicas, número de servicios de salud en los distritos y autocorrelación espacial. RESULTADOS: La correlación entre densidad de vías y volumen de tráfico fue modesta (r2=0,28). Los distritos del centro presentaron los mayores valores de densidad de vías. El modelo de regresión espacial de densidad de vías indicó asociación con mortalidad por enfermedades del aparato circulatorio (p=0,017). No se observó asociación en el modelo de volumen de tráfico En ambos modelos - vías y volumen de tráfico (vehículos livianos/pesados) - la variable socioeconómica fue estadísticamente significativa. CONCLUSIONES: La asociación entre mortalidad por enfermedades del aparato circulatorio y densidad de vías converge con la literatura y anima a la realización de más estudios epidemiológicos a nivel individual y con métodos más adecuados de evaluación de la exposición.

          Translated abstract

          OBJECTIVE: To assess the association between indicators of exposure to motor vehicle-related air pollution and cardiovascular mortality in male adults. METHODS: Information on roads and traffic volume for the year 2007 in the city of São Paulo, Southeastern Brazil, was obtained from the local Traffic Engineering Division. Data on mortality from cardiovascular diseases among men aged >40 years in 2005 were obtained from the mortality database of the city of São Paulo. Socioeconomic data from the 2000 Population Census and information on location of health care units were also collected. Exposure was assessed by road density and traffic volume for each geographic unit (administrative districts). Spatial regression (α= 5%) between these indicators of exposure and standardized mortality rates from cardiovascular diseases were estimated. The models were adjusted for socioeconomic variables, number of health care units in the districts and spatial autocorrelation. RESULTS: It was found a modest correlation between road density and traffic volume (r² = 0.28). The central districts had the highest road densities. The spatial regression model of road density showed an association with mortality from cardiovascular diseases (p = 0.017). No association was found in the model of traffic volume. The socioeconomic variable was statistically significant in both models of road and traffic volume. CONCLUSIONS: The association between mortality from cardiovascular diseases and road density is consistent with literature data. Further individual-level epidemiological studies should be performed using more accurate methods for the assessment of exposure.

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          Association between mortality and indicators of traffic-related air pollution in the Netherlands: a cohort study.

          Long-term exposure to particulate matter air pollution has been associated with increased cardiopulmonary mortality in the USA. We aimed to assess the relation between traffic-related air pollution and mortality in participants of the Netherlands Cohort study on Diet and Cancer (NLCS), an ongoing study. We investigated a random sample of 5000 people from the full cohort of the NLCS study (age 55-69 years) from 1986 to 1994. Long-term exposure to traffic-related air pollutants (black smoke and nitrogen dioxide) was estimated for the 1986 home address. Exposure was characterised with the measured regional and urban background concentration and an indicator variable for living near major roads. The association between exposure to air pollution and (cause specific) mortality was assessed with Cox's proportional hazards models, with adjustment for potential confounders. 489 (11%) of 4492 people with data died during the follow-up period. Cardiopulmonary mortality was associated with living near a major road (relative risk 1.95, 95% CI 1.09-3.52) and, less consistently, with the estimated ambient background concentration (1.34, 0.68-2.64). The relative risk for living near a major road was 1.41 (0.94-2.12) for total deaths. Non-cardiopulmonary, non-lung cancer deaths were unrelated to air pollution (1.03, 0.54-1.96 for living near a major road). Long-term exposure to traffic-related air pollution may shorten life expectancy.
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            An Estimate of the Global Burden of Anthropogenic Ozone and Fine Particulate Matter on Premature Human Mortality Using Atmospheric Modeling

            Background Ground-level concentrations of ozone (O3) and fine particulate matter [≤ 2.5 μm in aerodynamic diameter (PM2.5)] have increased since preindustrial times in urban and rural regions and are associated with cardiovascular and respiratory mortality. Objectives We estimated the global burden of mortality due to O3 and PM2.5 from anthropogenic emissions using global atmospheric chemical transport model simulations of preindustrial and present-day (2000) concentrations to derive exposure estimates. Methods Attributable mortalities were estimated using health impact functions based on long-term relative risk estimates for O3 and PM2.5 from the epidemiology literature. Using simulated concentrations rather than previous methods based on measurements allows the inclusion of rural areas where measurements are often unavailable and avoids making assumptions for background air pollution. Results Anthropogenic O3 was associated with an estimated 0.7 ± 0.3 million respiratory mortalities (6.3 ± 3.0 million years of life lost) annually. Anthropogenic PM2.5 was associated with 3.5 ± 0.9 million cardiopulmonary and 220,000 ± 80,000 lung cancer mortalities (30 ± 7.6 million years of life lost) annually. Mortality estimates were reduced approximately 30% when we assumed low-concentration thresholds of 33.3 ppb for O3 and 5.8 μg/m3 for PM2.5. These estimates were sensitive to concentration thresholds and concentration–mortality relationships, often by > 50%. Conclusions Anthropogenic O3 and PM2.5 contribute substantially to global premature mortality. PM2.5 mortality estimates are about 50% higher than previous measurement-based estimates based on common assumptions, mainly because of methodologic differences. Specifically, we included rural populations, suggesting higher estimates; however, the coarse resolution of the global atmospheric model may underestimate urban PM2.5 exposures.
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              Concentration and size distribution of ultrafine particles near a major highway.

              Motor vehicle emissions usually constitute the most significant source of ultrafine particles (diameter <0.1 microm) in an urban environment, yet little is known about the concentration and size distribution of ultrafine particles in the vicinity of major highways. In the present study, particle number concentration and size distribution in the size range from 6 to 220 nm were measured by a condensation particle counter (CPC) and a scanning mobility particle sizer (SMPS), respectively. Measurements were taken 30, 60, 90, 150, and 300 m downwind, and 300 m upwind, from Interstate 405 at the Los Angeles National Cemetery. At each sampling location, concentrations of CO, black carbon (BC), and particle mass were also measured by a Dasibi CO monitor, an aethalometer, and a DataRam, respectively. The range of average concentration of CO, BC, total particle number, and mass concentration at 30 m was 1.7-2.2 ppm, 3.4-10.0 microg/m3, 1.3-2.0 x 10(5)/cm3, and 30.2-64.6 microg/m3, respectively. For the conditions of these measurements, relative concentrations of CO, BC, and particle number tracked each other well as distance from the freeway increased. Particle number concentration (6-220 nm) decreased exponentially with downwind distance from the freeway. Data showed that both atmospheric dispersion and coagulation contributed to the rapid decrease in particle number concentration and change in particle size distribution with increasing distance from the freeway. Average traffic flow during the sampling periods was 13,900 vehicles/hr. Ninety-three percent of vehicles were gasoline-powered cars or light trucks. The measured number concentration tracked traffic flow well. Thirty meters downwind from the freeway, three distinct ultrafine modes were observed with geometric mean diameters of 13, 27, and 65 nm. The smallest mode, with a peak concentration of 1.6 x 10(5)/cm3, disappeared at distances greater than 90 m from the freeway. Ultrafine particle number concentration measured 300 m downwind from the freeway was indistinguishable from upwind background concentration. These data may be used to estimate exposure to ultrafine particles in the vicinity of major highways.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                rsp
                Revista de Saúde Pública
                Rev. Saúde Pública
                Faculdade de Saúde Pública da Universidade de São Paulo (São Paulo, SP, Brazil )
                0034-8910
                1518-8787
                February 2012
                : 46
                : 1
                : 26-33
                Affiliations
                [01] São Paulo SP orgnameUniversidade de São Paulo orgdiv1Faculdade de Medicina orgdiv2Departamento de Medicina Preventiva Brasil
                Article
                S0034-89102012000100004 S0034-8910(12)04600104
                f04590ea-1081-4840-b47c-1906bbea5c1a

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 30 August 2011
                : 12 May 2011
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 14, Pages: 8
                Categories
                Artigos Originais

                Air Pollution,Cardiovascular Diseases, mortality,Poluentes do Ar, efeitos adversos,Emissões de Veículos,Enfermedades Cardiovasculares, mortalidad,Contaminación del Aire,Emisiones de Vehículos,Contaminantes del Aire, efectos adversos,Doenças Cardiovasculares, mortalidade,Poluição do Ar,Vehicle Emissions,Air Pollutants, adverse effects

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