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      Vitamin A and Retinoids as Mitochondrial Toxicants

      review-article
      Author(s): *
      Publication date (Electronic):
      Journal: Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity
      Publisher: Hindawi Publishing Corporation

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          Abstract

          Vitamin A and its derivatives, the retinoids, are micronutrient necessary for the human diet in order to maintain several cellular functions from human development to adulthood and also through aging. Furthermore, vitamin A and retinoids are utilized pharmacologically in the treatment of some diseases, as, for instance, dermatological disturbances and some types of cancer. In spite of being an essential micronutrient with clinical application, vitamin A exerts several toxic effects regarding redox environment and mitochondrial function. Moreover, decreased life quality and increased mortality rates among vitamin A supplements users have been reported. However, the exact mechanism by which vitamin A elicits its deleterious effects is not clear yet. In this review, the role of mitochondrial dysfunction in the mechanism of vitamin A-induced toxicity is discussed.

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          Nuclear Receptors, RXR, and the Big Bang.

          Ronald Evans, David J. Mangelsdorf (2014)
          Isolation of genes encoding the receptors for steroids, retinoids, vitamin D, and thyroid hormone and their structural and functional analysis revealed an evolutionarily conserved template for nuclear hormone receptors. This discovery sparked identification of numerous genes encoding related proteins, termed orphan receptors. Characterization of these orphan receptors and, in particular, of the retinoid X receptor (RXR) positioned nuclear receptors at the epicenter of the "Big Bang" of molecular endocrinology. This Review provides a personal perspective on nuclear receptors and explores their integrated and coordinated signaling networks that are essential for multicellular life, highlighting the RXR heterodimer and its associated ligands and transcriptional mechanism. Copyright © 2014 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
          Article 0 comments Cited 398 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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            Mitochondrial dynamics and apoptosis.

            Der-Fen Suen, Kristi Norris, Richard Youle (2008)
            In healthy cells, mitochondria continually divide and fuse to form a dynamic interconnecting network. The molecular machinery that mediates this organelle fission and fusion is necessary to maintain mitochondrial integrity, perhaps by facilitating DNA or protein quality control. This network disintegrates during apoptosis at the time of cytochrome c release and prior to caspase activation, yielding more numerous and smaller mitochondria. Recent work shows that proteins involved in mitochondrial fission and fusion also actively participate in apoptosis induction. This review will cover the recent advances and presents competing models on how the mitochondrial fission and fusion machinery may intersect apoptosis pathways.
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              Regional dissociations within the hippocampus--memory and anxiety.

              D Bannerman, J. N. P. Rawlins, S B McHugh … (2004)
              The amnestic effects of hippocampal lesions are well documented, leading to numerous memory-based theories of hippocampal function. It is debatable, however, whether any one of these theories can satisfactorily account for all the consequences of hippocampal damage: Hippocampal lesions also result in behavioural disinhibition and reduced anxiety. A growing number of studies now suggest that these diverse behavioural effects may be associated with different hippocampal subregions. There is evidence for at least two distinct functional domains, although recent neuroanatomical studies suggest this may be an underestimate. Selective lesion studies show that the hippocampus is functionally subdivided along the septotemporal axis into dorsal and ventral regions, each associated with a distinct set of behaviours. Dorsal hippocampus has a preferential role in certain forms of learning and memory, notably spatial learning, but ventral hippocampus may have a preferential role in brain processes associated with anxiety-related behaviours. The latter's role in emotional processing is also distinct from that of the amygdala, which is associated specifically with fear. Gray and McNaughton's theory can in principle incorporate these apparently distinct hippocampal functions, and provides a plausible unitary account for the multiple facets of hippocampal function.
              Article 0 comments Cited 333 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Oxid Med Cell Longev
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Oxid Med Cell Longev
                Journal ID (publisher-id): OMCL
                Title: Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity
                Publisher: Hindawi Publishing Corporation
                ISSN (Print): 1942-0900
                ISSN (Electronic): 1942-0994
                Publication date (Print): 2015
                Publication date (Electronic): 19 May 2015
                Volume: 2015
                Electronic Location Identifier: 140267
                Affiliations
                Department of Chemistry, ICET, Federal University of Mato Grosso (UFMT), Avenida Fernando Correa da Costa, No. 2367, 78060-900 Cuiabá, MT, Brazil
                Author notes
                *Marcos Roberto de Oliveira: mrobioq@ 123456gmail.com

                Academic Editor: Angel Catalá

                Article
                DOI: 10.1155/2015/140267
                PMC ID: 4452429
                PubMed ID: 26078802
                SO-VID: f05ac5a9-e8d4-43ec-a9aa-a0c0013f4d13
                Copyright © Copyright © 2015 Marcos Roberto de Oliveira.
                License:

                This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

                History
                Date received : 10 December 2014
                Date accepted : 30 April 2015
                Categories
                Subject: Review Article

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Molecular medicine
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Molecular medicine

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