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      Antenatal Bartter’s syndrome Translated title: Síndrome de Bartter antenatal

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          Abstract

          Bartter’s syndrome is a rare renal tubular disorder with an autosomal recessive pattern of inheritanceand an estimated prevalence of 1 per million people. There are two distinct clinical presentations: antenatal Bartter’s syndrome and classical Bartter’s syndrome. Antenatal Bartter’s syndrome is considered the more severe form having its inception in utero. The typical features include early onset of foetal polyuria causing maternal polyhydramnios and preterm delivery, intrauterine growth restriction, postnatal polyuria and dehydration, nephrocalcinosis and osteopenia. We herein report a case of a newborn with antenatal Bartter’s syndrome, early suspected due to the familial and antenatal history. A 31 weeks gestation baby was born from consanguineous parents. Pregnancy was complicated with polyhydramnios at 24 weeks of gestation. The newborn developed polyuria, dehydration, electrolyte imbalances and metabolic alkalosis. Additionally, secondary hyperaldosteronism and hyperreninaemia with normal blood pressure were found. His older brother, also born preterm, had nephrocalcinosis and hypercalciuria attributed to prematurity and its complications. A diagnosis of Bartter’s syndrome type 2 was made by molecular study, which helped to clarify the clinical picture of his older brother. Antenatal Bartter’s syndrome manifestations can be neglected and undercovered by the diagnosis of prematurity. Hence, obstetricians and paediatricians should be aware of this rare disorder. A complete and careful clinical history is of the utmost importance to reach a definitive diagnosis

          Translated abstract

          A Síndrome de Bartter é uma doença renal tubular rara, de transmissão hereditária autossómica recessiva, com uma prevalência estimada de 1 por milhão de pessoas. Existem duas formas distintas de apresentação clínica: síndrome de Bartter antenatal e síndrome de Bartter clássico. A síndrome de Bartter antenatal é considerada a forma mais grave, tendo início in utero. As caraterísticas típicas incluem o início precoce de poliúria fetal condicionando polidrâmnios materno e parto prematuro, restrição de crescimento intrauterino, poliúria e desidratação pós natais, nefrocalcinose e osteopenia. Apresentamos o caso de um recém-nascido com síndrome de Bartter antenatal suspeitado precocemente devido à história familiar e pré-natal. A gravidez foi complicada às 24 semanas por polidrâmnios. Nasceu um prematuro de 31 semanas, filho de pais consanguíneos. O recém-nascido desenvolveu poliúria, desidratação, distúrbios hidroeletrolíticos e alcalose metabólica. Adicionalmente apresentava hiperaldosteronismo hiperreninémico, com tensão arterial normal. O irmão mais velho, nascido prematuro, tinha nefrocalcinose e hipercalciúria que foram atribuídas à prematuridade e às suas complicações. Foi feito o diagnóstico molecular de síndrome de Bartter tipo 2, o que ajudou a clarificar o quadro clínico do irmão mais velho. As manifestações da síndrome de Bartter podem ser descuradas e encobertas pelo diagnóstico de prematuridade. Desta forma, obstetras e pediatras devem estar cientes desta doença rara. Uma completa e cuidadosa história clínica é fundamental para chegar ao diagnóstico definitivo

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          Genetics of hypercalciuric stone forming diseases.

          With a lifetime incidence of up to 12% in man and 6% in woman, nephrolithiasis is a major health problem worldwide. Approximately, 80% of kidney stones are composed of calcium and hypercalciuria is found in up to 40% of stone-formers. Although the mechanisms resulting in precipitation and growth of calcium crystals in the urinary tract are multiple and not fully understood, hypercalciuria per se is recognized as an important and reversible risk factor in stone formation. In this brief review, we summarize the studies assessing the heritability of hypercalciuria and pinpoint recently identified human genetic disorders as well as relevant animal models that provided new insights into the segment-specific tubular handling of calcium and the pathophysiology of renal hypercalciuria and kidney stones. We also discuss novel strategies that may help to unravel the genetic bases of such complex conditions.
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            Antenatal Bartter Syndrome: A Review

            Antenatal Bartter syndrome (ABS) is a rare autosomal recessive renal tubular disorder. The defective chloride transport in the loop of Henle leads to fetal polyuria resulting in severe hydramnios and premature delivery. Early onset, unexplained maternal polyhydramnios often challenges the treating obstetrician. Increasing polyhydramnios without apparent fetal or placental abnormalities should lead to the suspicion of this entity. Biochemical analysis of amniotic fluid is suggested as elevated chloride level is usually diagnostic. Awareness, early recognition, maternal treatment with indomethacin, and amniocentesis allow the pregnancy to continue. Affected neonates are usually born premature, have postnatal polyuria, vomiting, failure to thrive, hypercalciuria, and subsequently nephrocalcinosis. Hypokalemia, metabolic alkalosis, secondary hyperaldosteronism and hyperreninaemia are other characteristic features. Volume depletion due to excessive salt and water loss on long term stimulates renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system resulting in juxtaglomerular hyperplasia. Clinical features and electrolyte abnormalities may also depend on the subtype of the syndrome. Prenatal diagnosis and timely indomethacin administration prevent electrolyte imbalance, restitute normal growth, and improve activity. In this paper, authors present classification, pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, laboratory findings, complications, and prognosis of ABS.
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              Mutations in the ROMK gene in antenatal Bartter syndrome are associated with impaired K+ channel function.

              Children with the antenatal variant of Bartter syndrome present the typical pattern of impaired salt reabsorption in the thick ascending limb of Henle's loop (TALH) resulting in marked ante- and postnatal salt wasting. In some of these patients mutations in the renal potassium channel ROMK (KCNJ1) have been found. We analyzed the electrophysiological function of five recently described ROMK channel mutations (V72E, D108H, P110L, A198T and V315G). In whole cell patch clamp recordings wildtype rat ROMK1 exhibited K+ currents of >1 nA at a membrane potential of 100 mV when transfected into COS-7 kidney cells. These currents were sensitive to external Ba2+ and internal Mg2+, which are typical features of the inwardly rectifying KIR channel. In contrast mutated ROMK1 cDNAs expressed either no or only infrequently small currents (<200 pA). Loss of tubular K+ channel function probably prevents apical membrane potassium recycling with secondary inhibition of Na-K-2Cl-cotransport in the TALH. We conclude that mutations in the potassium channel ROMK are the primary events causing renal salt wasting in a subset of patients with the antenatal variant of Bartter syndrome.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Journal
                nep
                Portuguese Journal of Nephrology & Hypertension
                Port J Nephrol Hypert
                Sociedade Portuguesa de Nefrologia (Lisboa )
                0872-0169
                September 2015
                : 29
                : 3
                : 243-247
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Centro Hospitalar e Universitario de Coimbra Portugal
                Article
                S0872-01692015000300009
                f065ed18-67d9-46d6-b627-cae0fe6b28bb

                http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

                History
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                SciELO Portugal

                Self URI (journal page): http://www.scielo.mec.pt/scielo.php?script=sci_serial&pid=0872-0169&lng=en
                Categories
                UROLOGY & NEPHROLOGY

                Urology
                Antenatal Bartter’s syndrome,electrolyte imbalance,polyhydramnios,polyuria,prematurity,Distúrbios eletrolíticos,polidrâmnios,poliúria,prematuridade,síndrome de Bartter antenatal

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