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      Influencia del desayuno sobre la adherencia a la dieta mediterránea y el estado ponderal en alumnas de Magisterio de Madrid Translated title: Influence of breakfast on adherence to the Mediterranean diet and weight status among student teachers in Madrid

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          Abstract

          Resumen Introducción: la ingesta regular de una calidad de desayuno (CDy) “completa” se ha asociado con una elección de alimentos más saludable a lo largo del día, así como la adherencia a la dieta mediterránea (ADM) se ha relacionado con una mejora del estado de salud. Objetivo: evaluar en una población universitaria la CDy y establecer la relación con la ADM y el estado ponderal (EP). Métodos: estudio transversal con una muestra de 490 universitarias. Se empleó un registro semanal de alimentos. Se establecieron 5 categorías de desayuno, adaptadas de los criterios EnKid-FEN: tres en función de grupos básicos (lácteos, cereales y frutas): “mala” (no desayuna o no incluye ninguno), “insuficiente” (incluye al menos uno) y “mejorable” (incluye al menos dos); y dos en función de grupos básicos, de otros grupos adicionales y de la energía: “buena” (incluye principalmente los tres grupos básicos y puede incluir otro grupo adicional, en cuyo caso la energía debe ser < 20 % de la diaria) y “completa” (incluye los tres grupos básicos más otro grupo adicional, con una energía ≥ 20 % de la diaria). Asimismo, se computó el tiempo empleado en desayunar. La ADM se obtuvo mediante el test Kidmed. Para el establecimiento de las categorías del EP se utilizó el IMC. Resultados: las estudiantes en el desayuno consumen mayoritariamente lácteos (82,4 %) y cereales (75,3 %) frente a las frutas (25,7 %). Un 16,9 % realiza una CDy “buena o completa”, el 25,7 % presentan una ADM “alta” y el 11,2 % presentan “sobrepeso-obesidad”. Se observó una asociación significativa entre la CDy y la ADM, ya que realizar una CDy “mala” o “completa” implicaba una mayor probabilidad de tener una ADM “baja” (53,8 %) o una ADM “alta” (57,7 %), respectivamente. Además, se observaron diferencias significativas entre los tiempos con respecto a la CDy y la ADM, ya que aquellos estudiantes que dedicaban > 15 minutos a desayunar tenían una mayor probabilidad de realizar una CDy “completa” y de tener una ADM “alta” frente a aquellos que tardaban menos. No existían diferencias significativas de EP con respecto a la CDy y la ADM. Conclusión: todo esto demostraría que una CDy “completa”, con una duración superior a 15 minutos, estaría asociada a presentar una mayor ADM, lo que pone de manifiesto la importancia de formar y educar en hábitos alimentarios saludables a esta población y de aproximarse a una dieta más saludable a través del desayuno.

          Translated abstract

          Abstract Introduction: the intake of a “complete” breakfast quality (BQ) has been associated with a healthier food choice throughout the day, as Mediterranean diet adherence (MDA) has been associated with an improvement in the health status. Objective: to assess BQ in a university population, and to establish its relationship with MDA and weight status (WS). Methods: this was a cross-sectional study with a sample of 490 university students. A weekly breakfast food registry was used. Five categories were established, according to the adaptation of the EnKid-FEN criteria, three according to the basic groups (dairy, cereals, and fruits): “Bad” (does not have breakfast or does not include any), “Insufficient” (includes at least one) and “Improvable” (includes at least two); and two depending on the basic groups, other additional groups different from the previous ones, and the energy consumed: “Good” (includes mainly the three basic groups, and can include another additional group, in which case the sum of energy is < 20 % of the daily energy) and “Complete” (includes the three basic groups plus another additional group with a sum of energy ≥ 20 % of daily requirement). In addition, the time spent eating breakfast was computed. The assessment of MDA was carried out using the Kidmed questionnaire. BMI was used to establish the WS categories. Results: at breakfast the students mostly consumed dairy products (82.4 %) and cereals (75.3 %) compared to fruits (25.7 %). A total of 16.9 % had a “Good or Complete” BQ, 25.7 % had a “High” MDA, and 11.2 % had “Overweight-Obesity”. A significant association was shown between BQ and MDA, as a “Bad” o “Complete” BQ implies a greater probability of having a “Low” (53.8 %) o “High” (57.7 %) MDA, respectively. In addition, significant differences were shown in breakfast time according to BQ and MDA, as those students who spent more than 15 minutes for breakfast presented a greater probability of having a “Complete” BQ and “High” MDA when compared to students who ate a shorter breakfast. No significant differences were seen in WS according to BQ or MDA. Conclusion: in this study BQ and the time spent at breakfast are related to quality, which is closely linked to the degree of MDA, which highlights the importance of training and educating this population in healthy eating habits, and of approaching a healthier diet through breakfast quality.

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          Adherence to a Mediterranean diet and survival in a Greek population.

          Adherence to a Mediterranean diet may improve longevity, but relevant data are limited. We conducted a population-based, prospective investigation involving 22,043 adults in Greece who completed an extensive, validated, food-frequency questionnaire at base line. Adherence to the traditional Mediterranean diet was assessed by a 10-point Mediterranean-diet scale that incorporated the salient characteristics of this diet (range of scores, 0 to 9, with higher scores indicating greater adherence). We used proportional-hazards regression to assess the relation between adherence to the Mediterranean diet and total mortality, as well as mortality due to coronary heart disease and mortality due to cancer, with adjustment for age, sex, body-mass index, physical-activity level, and other potential confounders. During a median of 44 months of follow-up, there were 275 deaths. A higher degree of adherence to the Mediterranean diet was associated with a reduction in total mortality (adjusted hazard ratio for death associated with a two-point increment in the Mediterranean-diet score, 0.75 [95 percent confidence interval, 0.64 to 0.87]). An inverse association with greater adherence to this diet was evident for both death due to coronary heart disease (adjusted hazard ratio, 0.67 [95 percent confidence interval, 0.47 to 0.94]) and death due to cancer (adjusted hazard ratio, 0.76 [95 percent confidence interval, 0.59 to 0.98]). Associations between individual food groups contributing to the Mediterranean-diet score and total mortality were generally not significant. Greater adherence to the traditional Mediterranean diet is associated with a significant reduction in total mortality. Copyright 2003 Massachusetts Medical Society
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            Cohort profile: design and methods of the PREDIMED study.

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              Food, youth and the Mediterranean diet in Spain. Development of KIDMED, Mediterranean Diet Quality Index in children and adolescents.

              To evaluate dietary habits in Spanish children and adolescents based on a Mediterranean Diet Quality Index tool, which considers certain principles sustaining and challenging traditional healthy Mediterranean dietary patterns. Observational population-based cross-sectional study. A 16-item Mediterranean Diet Quality Index was included in data gathered for the EnKid study (in which two 24-hour recalls, a quantitative 169-item food-frequency questionnaire and a general questionnaire about socio-economic, demographic and lifestyle items were administered). Spain. In total, 3850 children and youths aged 2-24 years residing in Spain. Of the sample, 4.2% showed very low KIDMED index results, 49.4% had intermediate values and 46.4% had high index results. Important geographical differences were seen, with subjects from the Northeast showing the most favourable outcomes (52% with elevated scores vs. 37.5% of those from the North). Lower percentages of high diet quality were observed in low socio-economic groups, compared with middle and upper income cohorts (42.8%, 47.6% and 54.9%, respectively). Large cities had more positive results and only slight variations were seen for gender and age. The KIDMED index, the first to evaluate the adequacy of Mediterranean dietary patterns in children and youth, confirms that this collective is undergoing important changes, which makes them a priority target for nutrition interventions. Results challenge certain commonly perceived notions tied to income level, population size and diet quality.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                nh
                Nutrición Hospitalaria
                Nutr. Hosp.
                Grupo Arán (Madrid, Madrid, Spain )
                0212-1611
                1699-5198
                December 2021
                : 38
                : 6
                : 1182-1191
                Affiliations
                [2] Badajoz Extremadura orgnameUniversidad de Extremadura orgdiv1Facultad de Educación Spain
                [1] Madrid Madrid orgnameUniversidad Complutense de Madrid orgdiv1Facultad de Educación Spain
                Article
                S0212-16112021000700012 S0212-1611(21)03800600012
                10.20960/nh.03476
                f06790fc-b5db-46d8-8554-24b95bf38b2c

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 24 July 2021
                : 10 December 2020
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 40, Pages: 10
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                SciELO Spain

                Categories
                Trabajos Originales

                Sobrepeso,Breakfast,Mediterranean diet,University students,Overweight,Obesity,Desayuno,Dieta mediterránea,Universitarios,Obesidad

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