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      A new species of Pristimantis from eastern Brazilian Amazonia (Anura, Craugastoridae)

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          Abstract

          Abstract

          In this study a new species of Pristimantis ( Anura : Craugastoridae ) of the P. conspicillatus species group is described. Pristimantis latro sp. n. is known only from the municipalities of Altamira, Anapu, Brasil Novo, Medicilândia, Uruará and Aveiro (Flona Tapajós, right bank of Tapajós river), in Pará state, Brazil. Morphologically, the new species distinguishes from known congeners in the group mainly by the presence of dorsal tubercles and absence of discoidal folds, smooth belly skin, as well as the presence of supernumerary tubercles on hands. The call of the new species consists of seven ascending notes, the first of which has a dominant frequency of 2635 Hz and the last 3272 Hz. Molecular analysis of the 16S mtDNA indicates a genetic distance of 8% to P. chiastonotus , its closet relative, and between 9% and 11% to populations of P. fenestratus .

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          Underestimation of Species Richness in Neotropical Frogs Revealed by mtDNA Analyses

          Antoine Fouquet, André Gilles, Miguel Vences … (2007)
          Background Amphibians are rapidly vanishing. At the same time, it is most likely that the number of amphibian species is highly underestimated. Recent DNA barcoding work has attempted to define a threshold between intra- and inter-specific genetic distances to help identify candidate species. In groups with high extinction rates and poorly known species boundaries, like amphibians, such tools may provide a way to rapidly evaluate species richness. Methodology Here we analyse published and new 16S rDNA sequences from 60 frog species of Amazonia-Guianas to obtain a minimum estimate of the number of undescribed species in this region. We combined isolation by distance, phylogenetic analyses, and comparison of molecular distances to evaluate threshold values for the identification of candidate species among these frogs. Principal Findings In most cases, geographically distant populations belong to genetically highly distinct lineages that could be considered as candidate new species. This was not universal among the taxa studied and thus widespread species of Neotropical frogs really do exist, contrary to previous assumptions. Moreover, the many instances of paraphyly and the wide overlap between distributions of inter- and intra-specific distances reinforce the hypothesis that many cryptic species remain to be described. In our data set, pairwise genetic distances below 0.02 are strongly correlated with geographical distances. This correlation remains statistically significant until genetic distance is 0.05, with no such relation thereafter. This suggests that for higher distances allopatric and sympatric cryptic species prevail. Based on our analyses, we propose a more inclusive pairwise genetic distance of 0.03 between taxa to target lineages that could correspond to candidate species. Conclusions Using this approach, we identify 129 candidate species, two-fold greater than the 60 species included in the current study. This leads to estimates of around 170 to 460 frog taxa unrecognized in Amazonia-Guianas. Significance As a consequence the global amphibian decline detected especially in the Neotropics may be worse than realised.
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            Major Caribbean and Central American frog faunas originated by ancient oceanic dispersal.

            S Blair Hedges, William E Duellman, J M Heinicke (2007)
            Approximately one-half of all species of amphibians occur in the New World tropics, which includes South America, Middle America, and the West Indies. Of those, 27% (801 species) belong to a large assemblage, the eleutherodactyline frogs, which breed out of water and lay eggs that undergo direct development on land. Their wide distribution and mode of reproduction offer potential for resolving questions in evolution, ecology, and conservation. However, progress in all of these fields has been hindered by a poor understanding of their evolutionary relationships. As a result, most of the species have been placed in a single genus, Eleutherodactylus, which is the largest among vertebrates. Our DNA sequence analysis of a major fraction of eleutherodactyline diversity revealed three large radiations of species with unexpected geographic isolation: a South American Clade (393 sp.), a Caribbean Clade (171 sp.), and a Middle American Clade (111 sp.). Molecular clock analyses reject the prevailing hypothesis that these frogs arose from land connections with North and South America and their subsequent fragmentation in the Late Cretaceous (80-70 Mya). Origin by dispersal, probably over water from South America in the early Cenozoic (47-29 million years ago, Mya), is more likely.
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              Molecular systematics of terraranas (Anura: Brachycephaloidea) with an assessment of the effects of alignment and optimality criteria

              DARREL FROST, JOSÉ PADIAL, TARAN GRANT (2014)
              Article 0 comments Cited 76 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Zookeys
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Zookeys
                Journal ID (publisher-id): ZooKeys
                Title: ZooKeys
                Publisher: Pensoft Publishers
                ISSN (Print): 1313-2989
                ISSN (Electronic): 1313-2970
                Publication date Collection: 2017
                Publication date (Electronic): 2 August 2017
                Issue: 687
                Pages: 101-129
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biodiversidade e Biotecnologia da Rede BIONORTE, Universidade Federal do Amazonas, Av. Gen. Rodrigo Octávio Jordão Ramos, 3000, CEP 69077-000, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
                [2 ] Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biociências, Universidade Federal do Oeste do Pará, Rua Vera Paz, s/n (Unidade Tapajós), CEP 68035-110, Santarém, Pará, Brazil
                [3 ] Universidade Federal do Amazonas. Av. Gen. Rodrigo Octávio Jordão Ramos, 3000, CEP 69077-000, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
                [4 ] Biota Projetos e Consultoria Ambiental LTDA, Rua 86-C, 64, CEP 74083-360, Setor Sul, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil
                [5 ] Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biodiversidade e Conservação, Faculdade de Ciências Biológicas, Campus Universitário de Altamira, Universidade Federal do Pará, Rua Coronel José Porfírio, 2515, CEP 68372-040, Altamira, Pará, Brazil
                Author notes
                Corresponding author: Elciomar Araújo De Oliveira ( elciomar.atractus@ 123456gmail.com )

                Academic editor: A. Crottini

                Article
                DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.687.13221
                PMC ID: 5672576
                SO-VID: f077b52e-ba49-4655-bde8-911afb9f4a04
                Copyright © Elciomar Araújo De Oliveira, Luis Reginaldo Rodrigues, Igor Luis Kaefer, Karll Cavalcante Pinto, Emil José Hernández-Ruz
                License:

                This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

                History
                Date received : 12 April 2017
                Date accepted : 1 June 2017
                Categories
                Subject: Research Article

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Animal science & Zoology
                Keywords: mitochondrial dna,pristimantis latro sp. n.,systematics,terrarana,animalia,anura,craugastoridae
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Animal science & Zoology
                Keywords: mitochondrial dna, pristimantis latro sp. n., systematics, terrarana, animalia, anura, craugastoridae

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