Association between adherence to the Mediterranean diet with anthropometric measurements and nutritional status in adolescents  <span class="so-article-trans-title" dir="auto"> Translated title: Asociación entre la adherencia a la dieta mediterránea y las medidas antropométricas y el estado nutricional en adolescentes </span>

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Abstract

Abstract Background: adolescence is a critical period for developing healthy eating habits. It is crucial to evaluate and encourage adherence to the Mediterranean diet, a sustainable and healthy diet model in this age group. Objective: this study aimed to evaluate the relationship between adherence to the Mediterranean diet and anthropometric measurements and nutritional status in Turkish adolescents. Material and methods: the demographic characteristics, health information, nutritional habits, physical activity status, and 24-hour dietary recall of the adolescents were obtained with a questionnaire. Adherence to Mediterranean diet was evaluated with the Mediterranean-Style Dietary Pattern Score (MSDPS). Results: a total of 1,137 adolescents (mean age 14.0 ± 1.37 years) were included; 30.2 % of the boys and 39.5 % of the girls were overweight/obese. The median (interquartile range) value of the MSDPS was 10.7 (7.7), and this value was 11.0 (7.6) for the boys and 10.6 (7.4) for the girls (p > 0.05). The levels of protein, fiber, vitamin A, vitamin C, folate, vitamin B12, iron, magnesium, zinc, and potassium intake increased with adherence to Mediterranean diet (p < 0.001). Age, parental education level, body mass index (BMI), waist circumference, and skipping meals affected MSDPS. Conclusion: adolescents' adherence to the Mediterranean diet was low and correlated with some anthropometric measures. Increasing adherence to the Mediterranean diet may contribute to preventing obesity and adequate and balanced nutrition in adolescents.

Translated abstract

Resumen Introducción: la adolescencia es un periodo crítico para el desarrollo de hábitos alimentarios saludables. Es fundamental evaluar y fomentar la adherencia a la dieta mediterránea, un modelo de alimentación sostenible y saludable en este grupo de edad. Objetivo: este estudio tuvo como objetivo evaluar la relación entre la adherencia a la dieta mediterránea y las medidas antropométricas y el estado nutricional en adolescentes turcos. Material y métodos: las características demográficas, la información de salud, los hábitos nutricionales, el estado de actividad física y el recuerdo dietético de 24 horas de los adolescentes se obtuvieron mediante un cuestionario. La adherencia a la dieta mediterránea se evaluó con el Mediterranean-Style Dietary Pattern Score (MSDPS). Resultados: se incluyó un total de 1.137 adolescentes (edad media 14,0 ± 1,37 años). El 30,2 % de los niños y el 39,5 % de las niñas tenían sobrepeso/obesidad. El valor de la mediana (rango intercuartílico) del MSDPS fue de 10,7 (7,7), siendo este valor de 11,0 (7,6) para los niños y de 10,6 (7,4) para las niñas (p > 0,05). Los niveles de ingesta de proteína, fibra, vitamina A, vitamina C, folato, vitamina B12, hierro, magnesio, zinc y potasio aumentaron con la adherencia a la dieta mediterránea (p < 0,001). La edad, el nivel de educación de los padres, el índice de masa corporal (IMC), la circunferencia de la cintura y la omisión de comidas afectaron al MSDPS. Conclusión: la adherencia a la dieta mediterránea de los adolescentes fue baja y se correlacionó con algunas medidas antropométricas. El aumento de la adherencia a la dieta mediterránea puede contribuir a la prevención de la obesidad y a una nutrición adecuada y equilibrada en los adolescentes.

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Development of a WHO growth reference for school-aged children and adolescents

Mercedes de Onis, Adelheid W Onyango, Elaine Borghi … (2007)

OBJECTIVE: To construct growth curves for school-aged children and adolescents that accord with the WHO Child Growth Standards for preschool children and the body mass index (BMI) cut-offs for adults. METHODS: Data from the 1977 National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS)/WHO growth reference (1-24 years) were merged with data from the under-fives growth standards' cross-sectional sample (18-71 months) to smooth the transition between the two samples. State-of-the-art statistical methods used to construct the WHO Child Growth Standards (0-5 years), i.e. the Box-Cox power exponential (BCPE) method with appropriate diagnostic tools for the selection of best models, were applied to this combined sample. FINDINGS: The merged data sets resulted in a smooth transition at 5 years for height-for-age, weight-for-age and BMI-for-age. For BMI-for-age across all centiles the magnitude of the difference between the two curves at age 5 years is mostly 0.0 kg/m² to 0.1 kg/m². At 19 years, the new BMI values at +1 standard deviation (SD) are 25.4 kg/m² for boys and 25.0 kg/m² for girls. These values are equivalent to the overweight cut-off for adults (> 25.0 kg/m²). Similarly, the +2 SD value (29.7 kg/m² for both sexes) compares closely with the cut-off for obesity (> 30.0 kg/m²). CONCLUSION: The new curves are closely aligned with the WHO Child Growth Standards at 5 years, and the recommended adult cut-offs for overweight and obesity at 19 years. They fill the gap in growth curves and provide an appropriate reference for the 5 to 19 years age group.

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Prevalence of obesity and trends in body mass index among US children and adolescents, 1999-2010.

Cynthia L Ogden, Margaret D Carroll, Brian Kit … (2012)

The prevalence of childhood obesity increased in the 1980s and 1990s but there were no significant changes in prevalence between 1999-2000 and 2007-2008 in the United States. To present the most recent estimates of obesity prevalence in US children and adolescents for 2009-2010 and to investigate trends in obesity prevalence and body mass index (BMI) among children and adolescents between 1999-2000 and 2009-2010. Cross-sectional analyses of a representative sample (N = 4111) of the US child and adolescent population (birth through 19 years of age) with measured heights and weights from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2009-2010. Prevalence of high weight-for-recumbent length (≥95th percentile on the growth charts) among infants and toddlers from birth to 2 years of age and obesity (BMI ≥95th percentile of the BMI-for-age growth charts) among children and adolescents aged 2 through 19 years. Analyses of trends in obesity by sex and race/ethnicity, and analyses of trends in BMI within sex-specific age groups for 6 survey periods (1999-2000, 2001-2002, 2003-2004, 2005-2006, 2007-2008, and 2009-2010) over 12 years. In 2009-2010, 9.7% (95% CI, 7.6%-12.3%) of infants and toddlers had a high weight-for-recumbent length and 16.9% (95% CI, 15.4%-18.4%) of children and adolescents from 2 through 19 years of age were obese. There was no difference in obesity prevalence among males (P = .62) or females (P = .65) between 2007-2008 and 2009-2010. However, trend analyses over a 12-year period indicated a significant increase in obesity prevalence between 1999-2000 and 2009-2010 in males aged 2 through 19 years (odds ratio, 1.05; 95% CI, 1.01-1.10) but not in females (odds ratio, 1.02; 95% CI, 0.98-1.07) per 2-year survey cycle. There was a significant increase in BMI among adolescent males aged 12 through 19 years (P = .04) but not among any other age group or among females. In 2009-2010, the prevalence of obesity in children and adolescents was 16.9%; this was not changed compared with 2007-2008.