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      Men’s Facial Width-to-Height Ratio Predicts Aggression: A Meta-Analysis

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      Author(s): 1 , * , 2 , 1
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      Publication date (Electronic):
      Journal: PLoS ONE
      Publisher: Public Library of Science

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          Abstract

          Recent research has identified men’s facial width-to-height ratio (fWHR) as a reliable predictor of aggressive tendencies and behavior. Other research, however, has failed to replicate the fWHR-aggression relationship and has questioned whether previous findings are robust. In the current paper, we synthesize existing work by conducting a meta-analysis to estimate whether and how fWHR predicts aggression. Our results indicate a small, but significant, positive relationship between men’s fWHR and aggression.

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          Valid facial cues to cooperation and trust: male facial width and trustworthiness.

          M Stirrat, D. Perrett (2010)
          Decisions about whom to trust are biased by stable facial traits such as attractiveness, similarity to kin, and perceived trustworthiness. Research addressing the validity of facial trustworthiness or its basis in facial features is scarce, and the results have been inconsistent. We measured male trustworthiness operationally in trust games in which participants had options to collaborate for mutual financial gain or to exploit for greater personal gain. We also measured facial (bizygomatic) width (scaled for face height) because this is a sexually dimorphic, testosterone-linked trait predictive of male aggression. We found that men with greater facial width were more likely to exploit the trust of others and that other players were less likely to trust male counterparts with wide rather than narrow faces (independent of their attractiveness). Moreover, manipulating this facial-width ratio with computer graphics controlled attributions of trustworthiness, particularly for subordinate female evaluators.
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            Facial structure is a reliable cue of aggressive behavior.

            Justin Carré, Cheryl McCormick, Catherine J Mondloch (2009)
            Facial width-to-height ratio is a sexually dimorphic metric that is independent of body size and may have been shaped by sexual selection. We recently showed that this metric is correlated with behavioral aggression in men. In Study 1, observers estimated the propensity for aggression of men photographed displaying neutral facial expressions and for whom a behavioral measure of aggression was obtained. The estimates were correlated strongly with the facial width-to-height ratio of the stimulus faces and with the actual aggression of the men. These results were replicated in Study 2, in which the exposure to each stimulus face was shortened to 39 ms. Participants' estimates of aggression for each stimulus face were highly correlated between Study 2 (39-ms exposure) and Study 1 (2,000-ms exposure). These findings suggest that the facial width-to-height ratio may be a cue used to predict propensity for aggression in others.
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              In your face: facial metrics predict aggressive behaviour in the laboratory and in varsity and professional hockey players

              Justin Carré, Cheryl McCormick (2008)
              Facial characteristics are an important basis for judgements about gender, emotion, personality, motivational states and behavioural dispositions. Based on a recent finding of a sexual dimorphism in facial metrics that is independent of body size, we conducted three studies to examine the extent to which individual differences in the facial width-to-height ratio were associated with trait dominance (using a questionnaire) and aggression during a behavioural task and in a naturalistic setting (varsity and professional ice hockey). In study 1, men had a larger facial width-to-height ratio, higher scores of trait dominance, and were more reactively aggressive compared with women. Individual differences in the facial width-to-height ratio predicted reactive aggression in men, but not in women (predicted 15% of variance). In studies 2 (male varsity hockey players) and 3 (male professional hockey players), individual differences in the facial width-to-height ratio were positively related to aggressive behaviour as measured by the number of penalty minutes per game obtained over a season (predicted 29 and 9% of the variance, respectively). Together, these findings suggest that the sexually dimorphic facial width-to-height ratio may be an ‘honest signal’ of propensity for aggressive behaviour.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Bernhard Fink: Role: Academic Editor
                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): PLoS One
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): PLoS ONE
                Journal ID (publisher-id): plos
                Journal ID (pmc): plosone
                Title: PLoS ONE
                Publisher: Public Library of Science (San Francisco, CA USA )
                ISSN (Electronic): 1932-6203
                Publication date (Electronic): 7 April 2015
                Publication date Collection: 2015
                Volume: 10
                Issue: 4
                Electronic Location Identifier: e0122637
                Affiliations
                [1 ]School of Business Administration, University of California Riverside, Riverside, California, United States of America
                [2 ]Organisational Behaviour Area, London Business School, London, United Kingdom
                University of Goettingen, GERMANY
                Author notes

                Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

                Conceived and designed the experiments: MPH. Performed the experiments: MPH MEO EMW. Analyzed the data: MPH. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: MPH MEO EMW. Wrote the paper: MPH MEO EMW.

                Article
                Publisher ID: PONE-D-14-56240
                DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0122637
                PMC ID: 4388848
                PubMed ID: 25849992
                SO-VID: f096142d-cac6-4422-9e49-143ac55d7bbf
                Copyright statement: Copyright @ 2015
                License:

                This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited

                History
                Date received : 2 January 2015
                Date accepted : 23 February 2015
                Page count
                Figures: 2, Tables: 1, Pages: 10
                Funding
                These authors have no support or funding to report.
                Categories
                Subject: Research Article
                Custom metadata
                Data Availability All relevant data are within the paper.

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Uncategorized
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Uncategorized

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