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      Genomic surveillance reveals multiple introductions of SARS-CoV-2 into Northern California

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      1 , 2 , 1 , 2 , 1 , 2 , 3 , 3 , 3 , 1 , 2 , 1 , 2 , 4 , 5 , 5 , 1 , 2 , 6 , 1 , 1 , 1 , 1 , 7 , 8 , 7 , 9 , 7 , 9 , 8 , 10 , 11 , 8 , 12 , 8 , 9 , 13 , 7 , 9 , 14 , 14 , 14 , 14 , 14 , 15 , 15 , 15 , 15 , 15 , 15 , 16 , 17 , 18 , 19 , 20 , 21 , 22 , 22 , 5 , 5 , 15 , 23 , 23 , 5 , 1 , 2 , 24 ,
      Science (New York, N.y.)
      American Association for the Advancement of Science

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          Abstract

          The COVID-19 pandemic caused by the novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 has spread globally, with >52,000 cases in California as of May 4, 2020. Here we investigate the genomic epidemiology of SARS-CoV-2 in Northern California from late January to mid-March 2020, using samples from 36 patients spanning 9 counties and the Grand Princess cruise ship. Phylogenetic analyses revealed the cryptic introduction of at least 7 different SARS-CoV-2 lineages into California, including epidemic WA1 strains associated with Washington State, with lack of a predominant lineage and limited transmission between communities. Lineages associated with outbreak clusters in 2 counties were defined by a single base substitution in the viral genome. These findings support contact tracing, social distancing, and travel restrictions to contain SARS-CoV-2 spread in California and other states.

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          Genomic characterisation and epidemiology of 2019 novel coronavirus: implications for virus origins and receptor binding

          Summary Background In late December, 2019, patients presenting with viral pneumonia due to an unidentified microbial agent were reported in Wuhan, China. A novel coronavirus was subsequently identified as the causative pathogen, provisionally named 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV). As of Jan 26, 2020, more than 2000 cases of 2019-nCoV infection have been confirmed, most of which involved people living in or visiting Wuhan, and human-to-human transmission has been confirmed. Methods We did next-generation sequencing of samples from bronchoalveolar lavage fluid and cultured isolates from nine inpatients, eight of whom had visited the Huanan seafood market in Wuhan. Complete and partial 2019-nCoV genome sequences were obtained from these individuals. Viral contigs were connected using Sanger sequencing to obtain the full-length genomes, with the terminal regions determined by rapid amplification of cDNA ends. Phylogenetic analysis of these 2019-nCoV genomes and those of other coronaviruses was used to determine the evolutionary history of the virus and help infer its likely origin. Homology modelling was done to explore the likely receptor-binding properties of the virus. Findings The ten genome sequences of 2019-nCoV obtained from the nine patients were extremely similar, exhibiting more than 99·98% sequence identity. Notably, 2019-nCoV was closely related (with 88% identity) to two bat-derived severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)-like coronaviruses, bat-SL-CoVZC45 and bat-SL-CoVZXC21, collected in 2018 in Zhoushan, eastern China, but were more distant from SARS-CoV (about 79%) and MERS-CoV (about 50%). Phylogenetic analysis revealed that 2019-nCoV fell within the subgenus Sarbecovirus of the genus Betacoronavirus, with a relatively long branch length to its closest relatives bat-SL-CoVZC45 and bat-SL-CoVZXC21, and was genetically distinct from SARS-CoV. Notably, homology modelling revealed that 2019-nCoV had a similar receptor-binding domain structure to that of SARS-CoV, despite amino acid variation at some key residues. Interpretation 2019-nCoV is sufficiently divergent from SARS-CoV to be considered a new human-infecting betacoronavirus. Although our phylogenetic analysis suggests that bats might be the original host of this virus, an animal sold at the seafood market in Wuhan might represent an intermediate host facilitating the emergence of the virus in humans. Importantly, structural analysis suggests that 2019-nCoV might be able to bind to the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 receptor in humans. The future evolution, adaptation, and spread of this virus warrant urgent investigation. Funding National Key Research and Development Program of China, National Major Project for Control and Prevention of Infectious Disease in China, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shandong First Medical University.
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            An interactive web-based dashboard to track COVID-19 in real time

            In December, 2019, a local outbreak of pneumonia of initially unknown cause was detected in Wuhan (Hubei, China), and was quickly determined to be caused by a novel coronavirus, 1 namely severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). The outbreak has since spread to every province of mainland China as well as 27 other countries and regions, with more than 70 000 confirmed cases as of Feb 17, 2020. 2 In response to this ongoing public health emergency, we developed an online interactive dashboard, hosted by the Center for Systems Science and Engineering (CSSE) at Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA, to visualise and track reported cases of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in real time. The dashboard, first shared publicly on Jan 22, illustrates the location and number of confirmed COVID-19 cases, deaths, and recoveries for all affected countries. It was developed to provide researchers, public health authorities, and the general public with a user-friendly tool to track the outbreak as it unfolds. All data collected and displayed are made freely available, initially through Google Sheets and now through a GitHub repository, along with the feature layers of the dashboard, which are now included in the Esri Living Atlas. The dashboard reports cases at the province level in China; at the city level in the USA, Australia, and Canada; and at the country level otherwise. During Jan 22–31, all data collection and processing were done manually, and updates were typically done twice a day, morning and night (US Eastern Time). As the outbreak evolved, the manual reporting process became unsustainable; therefore, on Feb 1, we adopted a semi-automated living data stream strategy. Our primary data source is DXY, an online platform run by members of the Chinese medical community, which aggregates local media and government reports to provide cumulative totals of COVID-19 cases in near real time at the province level in China and at the country level otherwise. Every 15 min, the cumulative case counts are updated from DXY for all provinces in China and for other affected countries and regions. For countries and regions outside mainland China (including Hong Kong, Macau, and Taiwan), we found DXY cumulative case counts to frequently lag behind other sources; we therefore manually update these case numbers throughout the day when new cases are identified. To identify new cases, we monitor various Twitter feeds, online news services, and direct communication sent through the dashboard. Before manually updating the dashboard, we confirm the case numbers with regional and local health departments, including the respective centres for disease control and prevention (CDC) of China, Taiwan, and Europe, the Hong Kong Department of Health, the Macau Government, and WHO, as well as city-level and state-level health authorities. For city-level case reports in the USA, Australia, and Canada, which we began reporting on Feb 1, we rely on the US CDC, the government of Canada, the Australian Government Department of Health, and various state or territory health authorities. All manual updates (for countries and regions outside mainland China) are coordinated by a team at Johns Hopkins University. The case data reported on the dashboard aligns with the daily Chinese CDC 3 and WHO situation reports 2 for within and outside of mainland China, respectively (figure ). Furthermore, the dashboard is particularly effective at capturing the timing of the first reported case of COVID-19 in new countries or regions (appendix). With the exception of Australia, Hong Kong, and Italy, the CSSE at Johns Hopkins University has reported newly infected countries ahead of WHO, with Hong Kong and Italy reported within hours of the corresponding WHO situation report. Figure Comparison of COVID-19 case reporting from different sources Daily cumulative case numbers (starting Jan 22, 2020) reported by the Johns Hopkins University Center for Systems Science and Engineering (CSSE), WHO situation reports, and the Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (Chinese CDC) for within (A) and outside (B) mainland China. Given the popularity and impact of the dashboard to date, we plan to continue hosting and managing the tool throughout the entirety of the COVID-19 outbreak and to build out its capabilities to establish a standing tool to monitor and report on future outbreaks. We believe our efforts are crucial to help inform modelling efforts and control measures during the earliest stages of the outbreak.
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              A familial cluster of pneumonia associated with the 2019 novel coronavirus indicating person-to-person transmission: a study of a family cluster

              Summary Background An ongoing outbreak of pneumonia associated with a novel coronavirus was reported in Wuhan city, Hubei province, China. Affected patients were geographically linked with a local wet market as a potential source. No data on person-to-person or nosocomial transmission have been published to date. Methods In this study, we report the epidemiological, clinical, laboratory, radiological, and microbiological findings of five patients in a family cluster who presented with unexplained pneumonia after returning to Shenzhen, Guangdong province, China, after a visit to Wuhan, and an additional family member who did not travel to Wuhan. Phylogenetic analysis of genetic sequences from these patients were done. Findings From Jan 10, 2020, we enrolled a family of six patients who travelled to Wuhan from Shenzhen between Dec 29, 2019 and Jan 4, 2020. Of six family members who travelled to Wuhan, five were identified as infected with the novel coronavirus. Additionally, one family member, who did not travel to Wuhan, became infected with the virus after several days of contact with four of the family members. None of the family members had contacts with Wuhan markets or animals, although two had visited a Wuhan hospital. Five family members (aged 36–66 years) presented with fever, upper or lower respiratory tract symptoms, or diarrhoea, or a combination of these 3–6 days after exposure. They presented to our hospital (The University of Hong Kong-Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen) 6–10 days after symptom onset. They and one asymptomatic child (aged 10 years) had radiological ground-glass lung opacities. Older patients (aged >60 years) had more systemic symptoms, extensive radiological ground-glass lung changes, lymphopenia, thrombocytopenia, and increased C-reactive protein and lactate dehydrogenase levels. The nasopharyngeal or throat swabs of these six patients were negative for known respiratory microbes by point-of-care multiplex RT-PCR, but five patients (four adults and the child) were RT-PCR positive for genes encoding the internal RNA-dependent RNA polymerase and surface Spike protein of this novel coronavirus, which were confirmed by Sanger sequencing. Phylogenetic analysis of these five patients' RT-PCR amplicons and two full genomes by next-generation sequencing showed that this is a novel coronavirus, which is closest to the bat severe acute respiatory syndrome (SARS)-related coronaviruses found in Chinese horseshoe bats. Interpretation Our findings are consistent with person-to-person transmission of this novel coronavirus in hospital and family settings, and the reports of infected travellers in other geographical regions. Funding The Shaw Foundation Hong Kong, Michael Seak-Kan Tong, Respiratory Viral Research Foundation Limited, Hui Ming, Hui Hoy and Chow Sin Lan Charity Fund Limited, Marina Man-Wai Lee, the Hong Kong Hainan Commercial Association South China Microbiology Research Fund, Sanming Project of Medicine (Shenzhen), and High Level-Hospital Program (Guangdong Health Commission).
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Science
                Science
                SCIENCE
                Science (New York, N.y.)
                American Association for the Advancement of Science
                0036-8075
                1095-9203
                08 June 2020
                : eabb9263
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA.
                [2 ]UCSF-Abbott Viral Diagnostics and Discovery Center, San Francisco, CA, USA.
                [3 ]Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
                [4 ]Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA.
                [5 ]California Department of Public Health, Richmond, CA, USA.
                [6 ]Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA.
                [7 ]Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA.
                [8 ]Brotman Baty Institute for Precision Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA.
                [9 ]Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
                [10 ]Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
                [11 ]Institute for Disease Modeling, Bellevue, WA, USA.
                [12 ]Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
                [13 ]Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
                [14 ]Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA.
                [15 ]U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA.
                [16 ]San Mateo County Department of Public Health, San Mateo, CA, USA.
                [17 ]Marin County Division of Public Health, San Rafael, CA, USA.
                [18 ]Solano County Department of Public Health, Fairfield, CA, USA.
                [19 ]Sonoma County Department of Public Health, Santa Rosa, CA, USA.
                [20 ]Sacramento County Division of Public Health, Sacramento, CA, USA.
                [21 ]San Joaquin County Department of Public Health, Stockton, CA, USA.
                [22 ]San Francisco County Department of Public Health, San Francisco, CA, USA.
                [23 ]County of Santa Clara, Public Health Department, Santa Clara, CA, USA.
                [24 ]Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA.
                Author notes
                [*]

                These authors contributed equally to this work.

                []Corresponding author. Email: charles.chiu@ 123456ucsf.edu
                Author information
                https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7648-4652
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2480-6645
                https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8712-3131
                https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0352-6289
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8797-2667
                https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8839-2798
                https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3248-9157
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8140-0131
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8930-745X
                https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1227-2137
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9188-3392
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4039-5794
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7443-0527
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4567-8232
                https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2870-5099
                https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9275-7454
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1516-1865
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8212-3789
                https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6431-5982
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8869-1840
                https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8701-8948
                https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8439-8826
                https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0849-1644
                https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1385-0699
                https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8080-548X
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5502-9818
                https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2048-2871
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8630-427X
                https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2915-2094
                Article
                abb9263
                10.1126/science.abb9263
                7286545
                32513865
                f0a6b4fa-3f91-4296-886f-e1f439d4ca33
                Copyright © 2020 The Authors, some rights reserved; exclusive licensee American Association for the Advancement of Science. No claim to original U.S. Government Works. Distributed under a Creative Commons Attribution License 4.0 (CC BY).

                This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution license, which permits use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, so long as the resultant use is not for commercial advantage and provided the original work is properly cited.

                History
                : 27 March 2020
                : 03 June 2020
                Funding
                Funded by: doi http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/100000002, National Institutes of Health;
                Award ID: R33AI129455
                Funded by: doi http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/100000002, National Institutes of Health;
                Award ID: K08CA230156
                Funded by: doi http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/100000060, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases;
                Award ID: U19AI135995
                Funded by: doi http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100000265, Medical Research Council;
                Award ID: MR/S0195/1
                Funded by: doi http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100013372, Wellcome Trust Centre for Mitochondrial Research;
                Award ID: 204311/Z/16/Z
                Funded by: Charles and Helen Schwab Foundation;
                Funded by: Burroughs-Wellcome CAMS Award;
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