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      Development and characterization of a novel bulk-fill elastomeric temporary restorative composite

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          Abstract

          Objectives:

          This study investigated the physical and mechanical properties, antibacterial effect and biocompatibility of novel elastomeric temporary resin-based filling materials (TFMs) containing zinc methacrylate (ZM).

          Material and Methods:

          Experimental TFMs were prepared by mixing the zinc methacrylate with monomer, co-monomer, photoinitiator and fillers. A ZM concentration of 0 (control), 0.5% (Z0.5); 1% (Z1), 2% (Z2), or 5% (ZM5) wt% was added to the TFMs. Fermit-N (F) was used for comparison with the experimental material. Microleakage, water sorption/solubility, degree of conversion, depth of cure, ultimate tensile strength, and hardness were determined and compared. A modified direct contact test (DCT) with Enterococcus faecalis and a Streptococcus mutans’ biofilm accumulation assay was carried out to evaluate the antimicrobial effect and cytotoxicity of the assay. Statistical comparisons were performed (α=5%).

          Results:

          The results showed that the physical and mechanical properties of the experimental TFMs with ZM are comparable with the properties of the commercial reference and some properties were improved, such as lower microleakage and water sorption, and higher ultimate tensile strength values. TFMs with ZM killed E. faecalis only after 1 h. Biofilm development of S. mutans was not affected by the inclusion of ZM in the experimental TFMs.

          Conclusions:

          The present findings suggest that the physical, mechanical and biological properties of the experimental TFMs with ZM are comparable with the properties of the commercial reference. However, some properties were improved, such as lower microleakage and water sorption, and higher ultimate tensile strength values.

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          Most cited references31

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          Enhanced bioactivity of ZnO nanoparticles—an antimicrobial study

          In this study, we investigate the antibacterial activity of ZnO nanoparticles with various particle sizes. ZnO was prepared by the base hydrolysis of zinc acetate in a 2-propanol medium and also by a precipitation method using Zn(NO3)2 and NaOH. The products were characterized by x-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopy. Bacteriological tests such as minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and disk diffusion were performed in Luria-Bertani and nutrient agar media on solid agar plates and in liquid broth systems using different concentrations of ZnO by a standard microbial method for the first time. Our bacteriological study showed the enhanced biocidal activity of ZnO nanoparticles compared with bulk ZnO in repeated experiments. This demonstrated that the bactericidal efficacy of ZnO nanoparticles increases with decreasing particle size. It is proposed that both the abrasiveness and the surface oxygen species of ZnO nanoparticles promote the biocidal properties of ZnO nanoparticles.
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            Hygroscopic and hydrolytic effects in dental polymer networks.

            The objective of this manuscript is to outline the factors associated with hygroscopic and hydrolytic effects in dental polymer networks, and to review the literature generated over the past thirty years or more in this area. Information was gathered from nearly 90 published articles or abstracts appearing in the dental and polymer literature. Studies were predominantly identified through a search of the PubMED database. Studies were included that provided direct evidence for the uptake of solvent by a polymer network and its subsequent physical or chemical effect, or the loss of molecular species into solvents. An attempt was made to select articles that spanned the timeframe from approximately 1970 to today to ensure that most of the classic literature as well as the latest information was included. Dental polymer networks have been shown to be susceptible to hygroscopic and hydrolytic effects to varying extents dependent upon their chemistry and structure. The importance of these effects on the clinical performance of polymer restoratives is largely unknown, though numerous investigators have alluded to the potential for reduced service lives. While the physical and mechanical properties of these materials may be significantly altered by the effects of solvent uptake and component elution, what may constitute the greatest concern is the short-term release of unreacted components and the long-term elution of degradation products in the oral cavity, both of which should be strongly considered during restorative material development.
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              Genome sequence of Streptococcus mutans UA159, a cariogenic dental pathogen.

              Streptococcus mutans is the leading cause of dental caries (tooth decay) worldwide and is considered to be the most cariogenic of all of the oral streptococci. The genome of S. mutans UA159, a serotype c strain, has been completely sequenced and is composed of 2,030,936 base pairs. It contains 1,963 ORFs, 63% of which have been assigned putative functions. The genome analysis provides further insight into how S. mutans has adapted to surviving the oral environment through resource acquisition, defense against host factors, and use of gene products that maintain its niche against microbial competitors. S. mutans metabolizes a wide variety of carbohydrates via nonoxidative pathways, and all of these pathways have been identified, along with the associated transport systems whose genes account for almost 15% of the genome. Virulence genes associated with extracellular adherent glucan production, adhesins, acid tolerance, proteases, and putative hemolysins have been identified. Strain UA159 is naturally competent and contains all of the genes essential for competence and quorum sensing. Mobile genetic elements in the form of IS elements and transposons are prominent in the genome and include a previously uncharacterized conjugative transposon and a composite transposon containing genes for the synthesis of antibiotics of the gramicidin/bacitracin family; however, no bacteriophage genomes are present.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                J Appl Oral Sci
                J Appl Oral Sci
                jaos
                Journal of Applied Oral Science
                Faculdade De Odontologia De Bauru - USP
                1678-7757
                1678-7765
                2019
                10 December 2018
                : 27
                : e20180183
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Faculdade Metropolitana da Grande Fortaleza, Programa de Graduação em Odontologia, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brasil
                [2 ]Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Faculdade de Odontologia, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Odontologia (PPGO), Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil
                [3 ]Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Faculdade de Odontologia, Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil
                [4 ]Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Centro de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico, Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil
                Author notes
                Corresponding address: Rafael Guerra Lund, Departamento de Dentistica - Faculdade de Odontologia - Universidade Federal de Pelotas. Rua Gonçalves Chaves, 457 - Sala 503 – 96015-560 - Pelotas - RS - Brasil. Phone: +55 53 3222 6690 e-mail: rafael.lund@ 123456gmail.com

                Conflict of Interest

                The authors declare no conflict of interest.

                Author information
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-5857-9321
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6847-6262
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-5970-5158
                http://orcid.org/0000-0003-1006-3809
                Article
                00413
                10.1590/1678-7757-2018-0183
                6296286
                30540074
                f0c373a5-a674-4ee5-a965-21b2a3d2098b

                This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

                History
                : 09 April 2018
                : 24 June 2018
                : 02 August 2018
                Page count
                Figures: 4, Tables: 2, Equations: 0, References: 29
                Categories
                Original Article

                temporary dental restoration,zinc,microbiology,dental leakage

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