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      Evolución y protetización de las amputaciones mayores en pacientes con enfermedad arterial periférica de nuestro centro Translated title: Outcomes and prosthesis procedure of major amputations in patients with peripheral arterial disease in our center

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          Abstract

          Resumen Introducción: las amputaciones mayores han disminuido en los últimos años, hasta aproximadamente el 7 % de los pacientes con enfermedad arterial periférica crónica (EAPC). La protetización es un procedimiento complejo e importante para la calidad de vida de los pacientes. Las series publicadas comunican datos muy variables entre ellas. Objetivo: describir la evolución de los pacientes sometidos a una amputación mayor por EAPC en nuestro centro y su protetización en relación a su estado basal. Materiales y métodos: estudio descriptivo, retrospectivo y unicéntrico. Recogimos las amputaciones mayores realizadas por nuestro servicio entre 2013 y 2019. Realizamos una búsqueda del registro de pacientes protetizados. Se recogieron las variables sociodemográficas, clínicas, de la intervención, del posoperatorio y de la rehabilitación. Analizamos las variables cualitativas en forma de frecuencias absolutas y porcentajes, los datos cuantitativos mediante la media, la inferencia estadística con el χ2 y la supervivencia con análisis actuarial. Resultados: realizamos 282 amputaciones mayores, de las que el 65,95 % fue en hombres, con una edad media de 71,23 años. El 82,68 % fueron supracondíleas y el 17,32 %, infracondíleas. El 30,85 % tuvieron una amputación menor previa. El 51,06 % habían sido revascularizados previamente. Solo el 37,9 % contaba con una red social adecuada de apoyo. La mediana de supervivencia fue de 24 meses. La mortalidad al año fue del 35 %. El 29,32 % de los pacientes tenía una marcha independiente previa, el 21,22 % no deambulaba y el resto requería ayuda para la marcha. El 28 % (79) de los pacientes fue protetizado, con un uso medio de la prótesis de 15,34 horas al día. El estado de marcha previa se relacionó de manera significativa con la protetización, que consiguió el 49,9 % de los que tenían una marcha independiente frente al 1,69 % de los que no deambulaban (p < 0,001). Del resto de factores analizados tenían una relación estadísticamente significativa con la protetización los siguientes: sexo masculino (p < 0,028), menores de 70 años (p < 0,001), red social adecuada de apoyo (p < 0,001), antecedente de revascularización previa (p < 0,001) y nivel de amputación infracondílea (p < 0,001). Conclusiones: el porcentaje de protetización de los pacientes sometidos a una amputación mayor es bajo y está relacionado con el estado de deambulación previa, el género, la edad, la red social de apoyo y el nivel de amputación.

          Translated abstract

          Abstract Introduction: a decrease in rate of mayor amputation has been reported over the last years; approximately 7 % of patients with chronic peripheral arterial disease (PAD). Implant a prosthesis is a complex and important procedure for the patients´ quality of life. The journals shown different data between them. Objective: to describe the evolution of patients undergoing a major amputation due to PAD in our center and their prosthesis procedure in relation to their baseline status. Materials and methods: descriptive, retrospective and single center study. We collected all major amputations performed by our department between 2013 to 2019. We searched the registry of patients with prosthesis. Sociodemographic, clinical, intervention, postoperative and rehabilitation variables were collected. We analyzed the qualitative variables in the form of absolute frequencies and percentages, the quantitative data through the mean, the statistical inference with the chi2 and the survival with actuarial analysis. Results: we performed 282 major amputations, 65.95 % in men, with a mean age of 71.23 years. 82.68 % were above the knee and 17.32 % below the knee. 30.85 % had a previous minor amputation. 51.06 % had been previously revascularized. Only 37.9 % had an adequate social support. Median survival was 24 months. Mortality at one year was 35 %. 29.32 % of the patients had a previous independent walk, 21.22 % did not walk and the rest required assistance for walking. 28 % (79) of the patients received a prosthesis, with an average use of the prosthesis of 15.34 hours per day. Previous gait status was significantly related to wearing prosthesis, achieved by 49.9 % of those who walked independently versus 1.69 % of those who did not walk (p < 0.001). Of the rest of the factors analyzed, the following had a statistically significant relationship with prosthetic fitting: male gender (p < 0.028), younger than 70 years (p < 0.001), adequate social support (p < 0.001), history of previous revascularization (p < 0.001) and level of amputation (below the knee) (p < 0.001). Conclusions: the percentage of prosthetics of patients undergoing a major amputation is low and is related to the state of previous ambulation, gender, age, social support and level of amputation.

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          Most cited references30

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          Global vascular guidelines on the management of chronic limb-threatening ischemia

          Chronic limb-threatening ischemia (CLTI) is associated with mortality, amputation, and impaired quality of life. These Global Vascular Guidelines (GVG) are focused on definition, evaluation, and management of CLTI with the goals of improving evidence-based care and highlighting critical research needs. The term CLTI is preferred over critical limb ischemia, as the latter implies threshold values of impaired perfusion rather than a continuum. CLTI is a clinical syndrome defined by the presence of peripheral artery disease (PAD) in combination with rest pain, gangrene, or a lower limb ulceration >2 weeks duration. Venous, traumatic, embolic, and nonatherosclerotic etiologies are excluded. All patients with suspected CLTI should be referred urgently to a vascular specialist. Accurately staging the severity of limb threat is fundamental, and the Society for Vascular Surgery Threatened Limb Classification system, based on grading of Wounds, Ischemia, and foot Infection (WIfI) is endorsed. Objective hemodynamic testing, including toe pressures as the preferred measure, is required to assess CLTI. Evidence-based revascularization (EBR) hinges on three independent axes: Patient risk, Limb severity, and ANatomic complexity (PLAN). Average-risk and high-risk patients are defined by estimated procedural and 2-year all-cause mortality. The GVG proposes a new Global Anatomic Staging System (GLASS), which involves defining a preferred target artery path (TAP) and then estimating limb-based patency (LBP), resulting in three stages of complexity for intervention. The optimal revascularization strategy is also influenced by the availability of autogenous vein for open bypass surgery. Recommendations for EBR are based on best available data, pending level 1 evidence from ongoing trials. Vein bypass may be preferred for average-risk patients with advanced limb threat and high complexity disease, while those with less complex anatomy, intermediate severity limb threat, or high patient risk may be favored for endovascular intervention. All patients with CLTI should be afforded best medical therapy including the use of antithrombotic, lipid-lowering, antihypertensive, and glycemic control agents, as well as counseling on smoking cessation, diet, exercise, and preventive foot care. Following EBR, long-term limb surveillance is advised. The effectiveness of nonrevascularization therapies (eg, spinal stimulation, pneumatic compression, prostanoids, and hyperbaric oxygen) has not been established. Regenerative medicine approaches (eg, cell, gene therapies) for CLTI should be restricted to rigorously conducted randomizsed clinical trials. The GVG promotes standardization of study designs and end points for clinical trials in CLTI. The importance of multidisciplinary teams and centers of excellence for amputation prevention is stressed as a key health system initiative.
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            Epidemiology and Risk of Amputation in Patients With Diabetes Mellitus and Peripheral Artery Disease

            Peripheral artery disease (PAD) stems from atherosclerosis of lower extremity arteries with resultant arterial narrowing or occlusion. The most severe form of PAD is termed chronic limb-threatening ischemia and carries a significant risk of limb loss and cardiovascular mortality. Diabetes mellitus is known to increase the incidence of PAD, accelerate disease progression, and increase disease severity. Patients with concomitant diabetes mellitus and PAD are at high risk for major complications, such as amputation. Despite a decrease in the overall number of amputations performed annually in the United States, amputation rates among those with both diabetes mellitus and PAD have remained stable or even increased in high-risk subgroups. Within this cohort, there is significant regional, racial/ethnic, and socioeconomic variation in amputation risk. Specifically, residents of rural areas, African-American and Native American patients, and those of low socioeconomic status carry the highest risk of amputation. The burden of amputation is severe, with 5-year mortality rates exceeding those of many malignancies. Furthermore, caring for patients with PAD and diabetes mellitus imposes a significant cost to the healthcare system—estimated to range from $84 billion to $380 billion annually. Efforts to improve the quality of care for those with PAD and diabetes mellitus must focus on the subgroups at high risk for amputation and the disparities they face in the receipt of both preventive and interventional cardiovascular care. Better understanding of these social, economic, and structural barriers will prove to be crucial for cardiovascular physicians striving to better care for patients facing this challenging combination of chronic diseases.
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              Predictive factors for diabetic foot ulceration: a systematic review.

              Improving ability to predict and prevent diabetic foot ulceration is imperative because of the high personal and financial costs of this complication. We therefore conducted a systematic review in order to identify all studies of factors associated with DFU and assess whether available DFU risk stratification systems incorporate those factors of highest potential value. We performed a search in PubMed for studies published through April 2011 that analysed the association between independent variables and DFU. Articles were selected by two investigators-independently and blind to each other. Divergences were solved by a third investigator. A total of 71 studies were included that evaluated the association between diabetic foot ulceration and more than 100 independent variables. The variables most frequently assessed were age, gender, diabetes duration, BMI, HbA(1c) and neuropathy. Diabetic foot ulceration prevalence varied greatly among studies. The majority of the identified variables were assessed by only two or fewer studies. Diabetic neuropathy, peripheral vascular disease, foot deformity and previous diabetic foot ulceration or lower extremity amputation - which are the most common variables included in risk stratification systems - were consistently associated with diabetic foot ulceration development. Existing diabetic foot ulceration risk stratification systems often include variables shown repeatedly in the literature to be strongly predictive of this outcome. Improvement of these risk classification systems though is impaired because of deficiencies noted, including a great lack of standardization in outcome definition and variable selection and measurement.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                angiologia
                Angiología
                Angiología
                Arán Ediciones S.L. (Madrid, Madrid, Spain )
                0003-3170
                1695-2987
                December 2022
                : 74
                : 6
                : 278-285
                Affiliations
                [2] Madrid orgnameHospital Universitario La Paz orgdiv1Servicios de Medicina Física y Rehabilitación España
                [1] Madrid orgnameHospital Universitario La Paz orgdiv1Servicios de Angiología, Cirugía Vascular y Endovascular España
                Article
                S0003-31702022000600003 S0003-3170(22)07400600003
                10.20960/angiologia.00432
                f0dd33c6-7077-404d-986a-359b1d86f29b

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 04 June 2022
                : 20 August 2022
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 31, Pages: 8
                Product

                SciELO Spain

                Categories
                Originales

                Amputación,Prótesis,Rehabilitation,Amputation,Rehabilitación,Prosthesis

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