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      COVID-19 pandemic in Wuhan: Ambient air quality and the relationships between criteria air pollutants and meteorological variables before, during, and after lockdown

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          Abstract

          As a result of the lockdown (LD) control measures enacted to curtail the COVID-19 pandemic in Wuhan, almost all non-essential human activities were halted beginning on January 23, 2020 when the total lockdown was implemented. In this study, changes in the concentrations of the six criteria air pollutants (PM 2.5, PM 10, SO 2, NO 2, CO, and O 3) in Wuhan were investigated before (January 1 to 23, 2020), during (January 24 to April 5, 2020), and after the COVID-19 lockdown (April 6 to June 20, 2020) periods. Also, the relationships between the air pollutants and meteorological variables during the three periods were investigated. The results showed that there was significant improvement in air quality during the lockdown. Compared to the pre-lockdown period, the concentrations of NO 2, PM 2.5, PM 10, and CO decreased by 50.6, 41.2, 33.1, and 16.6%, respectively, while O 3 increased by 149% during the lockdown. After the lockdown, the concentrations of PM 2.5, CO and SO 2 declined by an additional 19.6, 15.6, and 2.1%, respectively. However, NO 2, O 3, and PM 10 increased by 55.5, 25.3, and 5.9%, respectively, compared to the lockdown period. Except for CO and SO 2, WS had negative correlations with the other pollutants during the three periods. RH was inversely related with all pollutants. Positive correlations were observed between temperature and the pollutants during the lockdown. Easterly winds were associated with peak PM 2.5 concentrations prior to the lockdown. The highest PM 2.5 concentrations were associated with southwesterly wind during the lockdown, and northwesterly winds coincided with the peak PM 2.5 concentrations after the lockdown. Although, COVID-19 pandemic had numerous negative effects on human health and the global economy, the reductions in air pollution and significant improvement in ambient air quality likely had substantial short-term health benefits. This study improves the understanding of the mechanisms that lead to air pollution under diverse meteorological conditions and suggest effective ways of reducing air pollution in Wuhan.

          Graphical abstract

          Highlights

          • •

            NO 2 reduced by half during COVID-19 lockdown compared to the pre-lockdown.

          • •

            PM 2.5 and PM 10 decreased substantially during lockdown.

          • •

            O 3 increased by 149% during lockdown form lower NOx and higher solar radiation.

          • •

            Meteorology has significant impacts in the air pollution concentrations.

          • •

            Local sources dominated the air pollutant emissions in Wuhan.

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          Clinical characteristics and intrauterine vertical transmission potential of COVID-19 infection in nine pregnant women: a retrospective review of medical records

          Huijun Chen, Juanjuan Guo, Chen Wang … (2020)
          Summary Background Previous studies on the pneumonia outbreak caused by the 2019 novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) were based on information from the general population. Limited data are available for pregnant women with COVID-19 pneumonia. This study aimed to evaluate the clinical characteristics of COVID-19 in pregnancy and the intrauterine vertical transmission potential of COVID-19 infection. Methods Clinical records, laboratory results, and chest CT scans were retrospectively reviewed for nine pregnant women with laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 pneumonia (ie, with maternal throat swab samples that were positive for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 [SARS-CoV-2]) who were admitted to Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China, from Jan 20 to Jan 31, 2020. Evidence of intrauterine vertical transmission was assessed by testing for the presence of SARS-CoV-2 in amniotic fluid, cord blood, and neonatal throat swab samples. Breastmilk samples were also collected and tested from patients after the first lactation. Findings All nine patients had a caesarean section in their third trimester. Seven patients presented with a fever. Other symptoms, including cough (in four of nine patients), myalgia (in three), sore throat (in two), and malaise (in two), were also observed. Fetal distress was monitored in two cases. Five of nine patients had lymphopenia (<1·0 × 10⁹ cells per L). Three patients had increased aminotransferase concentrations. None of the patients developed severe COVID-19 pneumonia or died, as of Feb 4, 2020. Nine livebirths were recorded. No neonatal asphyxia was observed in newborn babies. All nine livebirths had a 1-min Apgar score of 8–9 and a 5-min Apgar score of 9–10. Amniotic fluid, cord blood, neonatal throat swab, and breastmilk samples from six patients were tested for SARS-CoV-2, and all samples tested negative for the virus. Interpretation The clinical characteristics of COVID-19 pneumonia in pregnant women were similar to those reported for non-pregnant adult patients who developed COVID-19 pneumonia. Findings from this small group of cases suggest that there is currently no evidence for intrauterine infection caused by vertical transmission in women who develop COVID-19 pneumonia in late pregnancy. Funding Hubei Science and Technology Plan, Wuhan University Medical Development Plan.
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            On a Test of Whether one of Two Random Variables is Stochastically Larger than the Other

            H. Mann, D. Whitney (1947)
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              Effect of restricted emissions during COVID-19 on air quality in India

              Shubham Sharma, Mengyuan Zhang, Anshika … (2020)
              The effectiveness and cost are always top factors for policy-makers to decide control measures and most measures had no pre-test before implementation. Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, human activities are largely restricted in many regions in India since mid-March of 2020, and it is a progressing experiment to testify effectiveness of restricted emissions. In this study, concentrations of six criteria pollutants, PM10, PM2.5, CO, NO2, ozone and SO2 during March 16th to April 14th from 2017 to 2020 in 22 cities covering different regions of India were analysed. Overall, around 43, 31, 10, and 18% decreases in PM2.5, PM10, CO, and NO2 in India were observed during lockdown period compared to previous years. While, there were 17% increase in O3 and negligible changes in SO2. The air quality index (AQI) reduced by 44, 33, 29, 15 and 32% in north, south, east, central and western India, respectively. Correlation between cities especially in northern and eastern regions improved in 2020 compared to previous years, indicating more significant regional transport than previous years. The mean excessive risks of PM reduced by ~52% nationwide due to restricted activities in lockdown period. To eliminate the effects of possible favourable meteorology, the WRF-AERMOD model system was also applied in Delhi-NCR with actual meteorology during the lockdown period and an un-favourable event in early November of 2019 and results show that predicted PM2.5 could increase by only 33% in unfavourable meteorology. This study gives confidence to the regulatory bodies that even during unfavourable meteorology, a significant improvement in air quality could be expected if strict execution of air quality control plans is implemented.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Atmos Res
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Atmos Res
                Title: Atmospheric Research
                Publisher: Published by Elsevier B.V.
                ISSN (Print): 0169-8095
                ISSN (Electronic): 0169-8095
                Publication date PMC-release: 12 November 2020
                Publication date (Electronic): 12 November 2020
                Electronic Location Identifier: 105362
                Affiliations
                [a ]College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
                [b ]CAS Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China
                [c ]Center for Air Resources Engineering and Science, Clarkson University, Potsdam, NY 13699, USA
                [d ]Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
                Author notes
                [* ]Corresponding author at: College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
                Article
                Publisher Item ID: S0169-8095(20)31299-0 Publisher ID: 105362
                DOI: 10.1016/j.atmosres.2020.105362
                PMC ID: 7657938
                PubMed ID: 33199931
                SO-VID: f0eeee96-2b76-42ea-91e6-cb4556048eea
                Copyright © © 2020 Published by Elsevier B.V.
                License:

                Since January 2020 Elsevier has created a COVID-19 resource centre with free information in English and Mandarin on the novel coronavirus COVID-19. The COVID-19 resource centre is hosted on Elsevier Connect, the company's public news and information website. Elsevier hereby grants permission to make all its COVID-19-related research that is available on the COVID-19 resource centre - including this research content - immediately available in PubMed Central and other publicly funded repositories, such as the WHO COVID database with rights for unrestricted research re-use and analyses in any form or by any means with acknowledgement of the original source. These permissions are granted for free by Elsevier for as long as the COVID-19 resource centre remains active.

                History
                Date received : 6 September 2020
                Date revision received : 6 November 2020
                Date accepted : 10 November 2020
                Categories
                Subject: Article

                Keywords: covid-19,lockdown,wuhan,criteria air pollutants,meteorological variables,hysplit
                Data availability:
                Keywords: covid-19, lockdown, wuhan, criteria air pollutants, meteorological variables, hysplit

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