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      Stem Cell Extracellular Vesicles in Skin Repair

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          Abstract

          Stem cell extracellular vesicles (EVs) have been widely studied because of their excellent therapeutic potential. EVs from different types of stem cell can improve vascularization as well as aid in the treatment of cancer and neurodegenerative diseases. The skin is a complex organ that is susceptible to various types of injury. Strategies designed to restore epithelial tissues’ integrity with stem cell EVs have shown promising results. Different populations of stem cell EVs are able to control inflammation, accelerate skin cell migration and proliferation, control wound scarring, improve angiogenesis, and even ameliorate signs of skin aging. However, large-scale production of such stem cell EVs for human therapy is still a challenge. This review focuses on recent studies that explore the potential of stem cell EVs in skin wound healing and skin rejuvenation, as well as challenges of their use in therapy.

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          Exosomes maintain cellular homeostasis by excreting harmful DNA from cells

          Akiko Takahashi, Ryo Okada, Koji Nagao … (2017)
          Emerging evidence is revealing that exosomes contribute to many aspects of physiology and disease through intercellular communication. However, the biological roles of exosome secretion in exosome-secreting cells have remained largely unexplored. Here we show that exosome secretion plays a crucial role in maintaining cellular homeostasis in exosome-secreting cells. The inhibition of exosome secretion results in the accumulation of nuclear DNA in the cytoplasm, thereby causing the activation of cytoplasmic DNA sensing machinery. This event provokes the innate immune response, leading to reactive oxygen species (ROS)-dependent DNA damage response and thus induce senescence-like cell-cycle arrest or apoptosis in normal human cells. These results, in conjunction with observations that exosomes contain various lengths of chromosomal DNA fragments, indicate that exosome secretion maintains cellular homeostasis by removing harmful cytoplasmic DNA from cells. Together, these findings enhance our understanding of exosome biology, and provide valuable new insights into the control of cellular homeostasis.
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            A direct measurement of the radiation sensitivity of normal mouse bone marrow cells.

            J. E. TILL, E. McCulloch (1961)
            Article 0 comments Cited 317 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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              Exosomes derived from human adipose mensenchymal stem cells accelerates cutaneous wound healing via optimizing the characteristics of fibroblasts

              Xue-Li Hu, Juan Wang, Xin Zhou … (2016)
              Prolonged healing and scar formation are two major challenges in the treatment of soft tissue trauma. Adipose mesenchymal stem cells (ASCs) play an important role in tissue regeneration, and recent studies have suggested that exosomes secreted by stem cells may contribute to paracrine signaling. In this study, we investigated the roles of ASCs-derived exosomes (ASCs-Exos) in cutaneous wound healing. We found that ASCs-Exos could be taken up and internalized by fibroblasts to stimulate cell migration, proliferation and collagen synthesis in a dose-dependent manner, with increased genes expression of N-cadherin, cyclin-1, PCNA and collagen I, III. In vivo tracing experiments demonstrated that ASCs-Exos can be recruited to soft tissue wound area in a mouse skin incision model and significantly accelerated cutaneous wound healing. Histological analysis showed increased collagen I and III production by systemic administration of exosomes in the early stage of wound healing, while in the late stage, exosomes might inhibit collagen expression to reduce scar formation. Collectively, our findings indicate that ASCs-Exos can facilitate cutaneous wound healing via optimizing the characteristics of fibroblasts. Our results provide a new perspective and therapeutic strategy for the use of ASCs-Exos in soft tissue repair.
              Article 0 comments Cited 259 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Bioengineering (Basel)
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Bioengineering (Basel)
                Journal ID (publisher-id): bioengineering
                Title: Bioengineering
                Publisher: MDPI
                ISSN (Electronic): 2306-5354
                Publication date (Electronic): 30 December 2018
                Publication date Collection: March 2019
                Volume: 6
                Issue: 1
                Electronic Location Identifier: 4
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Interdisciplinary Stem Cell Institute, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, 1501 NW 10th Ave, Miami, FL 33136, USA; axd1272@ 123456med.miami.edu
                [2 ]Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Pres. Antônio Carlos, 6627-Pampulha, Belo Horizonte-MG 31270-901, Brazil
                Author notes
                [* ]Correspondence: dawidson@ 123456icb.ufmg.br
                Article
                Publisher ID: bioengineering-06-00004
                DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering6010004
                PMC ID: 6466099
                PubMed ID: 30598033
                SO-VID: f10f334f-1486-48d2-9fff-5e08c2cdf905
                Copyright © © 2018 by the authors.
                License:

                Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

                History
                Date received : 30 November 2018
                Date accepted : 25 December 2018
                Categories
                Subject: Review

                Keywords: extracellular vesicles,exosomes,stem cells,mesenchymal stem cells,skin repair
                Data availability:
                Keywords: extracellular vesicles, exosomes, stem cells, mesenchymal stem cells, skin repair

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