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      Acute neuromuscular responses in upper limb after nordic walking training in youth females Translated title: Respuesta neuromuscular aguda en extremidad superior tras entrenamiento de nordic walking en mujeres jóvenes Translated title: Resposta neuromuscular aguda no membro superior após treinamento de nordic walking em mulheres jovens

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          Abstract

          ABSTRACT Nordic walking (NW) is a practical form of healthy exercise. Up to now, few studies have been conducted on the non-clinical population and few has analysed muscular response after NW training. This study aimed to assess mechanical and neuromuscular changes of deltoideus and triceps brachii following short-term NW training. Twenty-four healthy and physically active females were randomly assigned to an NW group (NWG) (n =12) or control group (n =12). Training was carried out over a 6-week period (18 sessions) on a treadmill (4.5 km/h; 2% gradient). Mechanical and neuromuscular response was measured before and after training. Tensiomyography was used to assess maximum radial displacement, time contraction, time delay, sustain time, and half-relaxation time of deltoideus and triceps brachii. Heart rate (HR), and rating of perceived exertion (RPE) were used to control the training intensity. Mixed-design factorial analysis of variance (mixed ANOVA) was used to detect changes in the mechanical and neuromuscular characteristics after a NW training. During NW training, HR (115.83 bpm), 36.7% of HR reserve and RPE (10.25) corresponding to light intensity were reported. After the training period, only a moderate increase (6.25%, p =0.02; η2=0.06) in delay time for the triceps brachii were reported. A short-term and low to moderate intensity training conducted with a specific NW technique was not sufficient to modify the triceps brachii and deltoideus mechanical- neuromuscular response in healthy and young females.

          Translated abstract

          RESUMEN Nordic walking (NW) es una forma de ejercicio saludable. Hasta ahora pocos estudios han empleado poblaciones no clínicas y han analizado la respuesta muscular tras el entrenamiento de NW. Este estudio pretendió evaluar cambios mecánicos y neuromusculares en los músculos deltoideus y triceps brachii tras un entrenamiento breve de NW. Veinticuatro mujeres sanas y físicamente activias fueron asignadas aleatoriamente al grupo de NW (n=12) o al grupo control (n=12). El entrenamiento se llevó a cabo durante un periodo de 6 semanas (18 sesiones) en un tapiz rodante (4.5 km/; 2% pendiente). La respuesta mecánica y neuromuscular fue medida antes y después del entrenamiento. Se empleó Tensiomiografía para evaluar el desplazamiento radial máximo, tiempo de contracción, tiempo de retardo, tiempo de espera y tiempo medio de relajación del deltoideus y triceps brachii. La intensidad del entrenamiento se controló a través de la frecuencia cardíaca (FC) y la tasa de esfuerzo percibido (TEP). Se empleó análisis factorial de la varianza (ANOVA mixto) para detectar cambios en las características mecánicas y neuromusculares tras el entrenamiento de NW. Durante el entrenamiento de NW, se registró una FC (115.83 ppm), un porcentaja de la FC de reserva (37%) y una tasa de esfuerzo percibido (10.25) correspondiente a un nivel ligero de intensidad. Tras el período de entrenamiento, sólo se registró un incremento moderado en el tiempo de retardo (6.25%, p =0.02; η2=0.06) para el triceps brachii. Un entrenamiento de NW breve de entre baja y moderada intensidad con una técnica específica no ha sido suficiente como para modificar la respuesta mecánica y neuromuscular del triceps brachii y deltoideus en mujeres jóvenes sanas.

          Translated abstract

          RESUMO A caminhada nórdica ou de acordo com a designação anglo-saxónica, Nordic walking (NW) é um modo prático de realizar exercício saudável. Até o momento, poucos estudos foram conduzidos em população não clínica e igualmente, poucos estudos analisaram a resposta muscular após o treino de NW. O atual estudo teve como objetivo avaliar as alterações mecânicas e neuromusculares do deltoide e do tríceps braquial, após o treino de curta duração do NW. Vinte e quatro mulheres saudáveis e fisicamente ativas foram aleatoriamente designadas para dois grupos: o grupo que treinou NW (NWG) (n = 12) e o grupo de controlo (n = 12). O treino foi realizado em passadeira rolante (4,5 km / h; inclinação de 2%) durante um período de 6 semanas (18 sessões). A resposta mecânica e neuromuscular foi avaliada antes e após cada sessão de treino. A tensiomiografia foi usada para medir no deltóide braquial e no tríceps braquial, o valor máximo da contração muscular, o tempo de contração, o tempo de atraso, o tempo de sustentação e o tempo de relaxamento. Para controlar a intensidade do treino foram usados a frequência cardíaca (FC) e a perceção subjetiva do esforço realizado (RPE). A análise fatorial de variância (ANOVA mista) foi usada para detetar alterações nas características mecânicas e neuromusculares após um treino de NW. Durante o treino de NW, HR (115,83 bpm), 36,7% da FC de reserva e RPE (10,25) correspondentes à intensidade da luz foram registados. Após o período de treino, apenas foi registado um aumento moderado do tempo de atraso do tríceps braquial (6,25%, p = 0,02; η2 = 0,06). O treino de curta e moderada intensidade, realizado com uma técnica específica de NW, não foi suficiente para modificar respostas mecânicas e neuromusculares do deltoide e do tríceps braquial em mulheres saudáveis e jovens.

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          Whole muscle contractile parameters and thickness loss during 35-day bed rest.

          Extended exposure to microgravity leads to significant musculoskeletal adaptations. Contractile parameters of four skeletal muscles (biceps brachii-BB, vastus medialis-VM, biceps femoris-BF and gastrocnemius medialis-GM) were measured in ten healthy males (aged 22.3 +/- 2.2 years) during 35 days of horizontal bed rest by a mechanomyography-based method termed 'tensiomyography' (TMG). Two contractile parameters: contraction time (Tc) and maximal displacement (Dm) were individually measured from electrically evoked maximal single twitch TMG response of all four muscles before and after bed rest. Significant changes in Tc were found after bed rest, as shown by an increase in GM muscle Tc by 18% (p < 0.01). Dm values significantly increased (p < 0.01) after bed rest, by 24, 26 and 30% in the VM, BF and GM muscles, respectively. In the GM, the change in Dm significantly correlated with the decrease in muscle thickness (r = -0.70, p < 0.01). In conclusion, bed rest induced changes in both Dm and Tc of the TMG signal; changes in Dm being inversely related to those of muscle thickness. Amongst the investigated muscles, most affected, in terms of atrophy and mechanical alterations, were those of the lower limbs. The observed increase in Dm may be attributed to a decrease in muscle, as well as tendon stiffness, causing larger muscle fibre and non-contractile tissue oscillations following contraction.
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            Spatial fiber type distribution in normal human muscle Histochemical and tensiomyographical evaluation.

            The variability of fiber type distribution in nine limb muscles was examined with histochemical and tensiomyographical (TMG) methods in two groups of 15 men aged between 17 and 40 years. The aim of this study was to determine the extent to which the relative occurrence of different fiber types and subtypes varies within human limb muscles in function to depth and to predict fiber type proportions with a non-invasive TMG method. The distribution of different fiber types varied within the muscles, as a function of depth, with a predominance of type 2b fibers at the surface and type 1 fibers in deeper regions of the muscle. For all the analyzed muscles the contraction times measured at stimulus intensity 10% of supramaximal stimulus (10% MS) were significantly (p<0.05) shorter than the contraction times measured at 50% of supramaximal stimulus intensity (50% MS). The Pearson's correlation coefficient between percentage of type 1 muscle fibers measured at the surface of the muscle and contraction time at 10% MS, obtained by TMG was statistically significant (r=0.76,P<0.01). Also the Pearson's correlation coefficient between percentage of type 1 muscle fibers measured in the deep region of the muscle and contraction time at 50% MS obtained by TMG was also statistically significant (r=0.90,P<0.001). These findings suggest that the contraction time obtained by TMG may be useful for non-invasive examining of muscle fiber types spatial distribution in humans.
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              Health benefits of Nordic walking: a systematic review.

              Modern lifestyle, with its lack of everyday physical activity and exercise training, predisposes people to chronic diseases such as diabetes mellitus, obesity, hypertension, and coronary artery diseases. Brisk walking as a simple and safe form of exercise is undisputedly an effective measure to counteract sedentary lifestyle risks even in the most unfit and could lead to a reduction of the prevalence of chronic diseases in all populations. The purpose of this review is to systematically summarize, analyze, and interpret the health benefits of Nordic walking (walking with poles), and to compare it to brisk walking and jogging.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                cpd
                Cuadernos de Psicología del Deporte
                CPD
                Universidad de Murcia (Murcia, Región de Murcia, Spain )
                1578-8423
                1989-5879
                2019
                : 19
                : 3
                : 168-178
                Affiliations
                [3] orgnameUniversidade Lusófona orgdiv1MovLab orgdiv2Department of Arts and Information Technologies Portugal
                [2] orgnamePalacky University orgdiv1Department of Natural Sciences in Kinanthropology Czech Republic
                [1] orgnameUniversity of Vigo orgdiv1Sport Performance, Physical Condition and Wellness Lab Spain
                Article
                S1578-84232019000100015 S1578-8423(19)01900300015
                f128f253-3648-4d9d-8361-f344c74dc434

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 3.0 International License.

                History
                : 03 July 2019
                : 20 October 2018
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 41, Pages: 11
                Product

                SciELO Spain


                Upper extremity,Extremidad superior,Marcha con bastones,Tensiomiografia,Caminhar com bastões,Evaluación neuromuscular,Neuromuscular assessment,Walking with poles,Avaliação neuromuscular,Tensiomiografía,Membro superior,Tensiomyography

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