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      Distribution of birds in Colombia

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          Abstract

          Background

          1. Colombia with 1941 known recorded bird species is one of the most species rich countries in the world. Efforts are necessary to conserve, study and promote sustainable use of this important taxonomic group throughout Colombia’s vast territory.

          2. In an ideal world, informed decisions that are based on sound scientific information should be likelier to have successful outcomes. Nevertheless, there are barriers that make it difficult to access and use information in a timely fashion. Those same barriers impede the study, conservation and sustainable use of bird species in Colombia. On the other hand, given that there is good documentation about the ecology of a large number of species, information about the distribution of birds can be easily incorporated into decision-making processes, once this information becomes readily available in a consumable format using Geographic Information Sciences tools.

          3. In this context, the main objective of this paper is to present the first compilation of the current distribution of 1889 (97%) species of birds in Colombia, using expert criteria. The shapefiles were used to show the distribution and diversity of bird species in Colombia under both geopolitical and conservation geographic units.

          4. The information provided in this paper can be used as a baseline for a huge number of initiatives that aim to strengthen conservation efforts and improve knowledge about one the most unique taxonomic groups in the country. These range from land use planning strategies at the municipal or department scale to sustainable use of bird species - such as those initiatives related to bird watching - in Colombia.

          New information

          This study has considered three key aspects: 1) the importance of birds for Colombia’s ecosystems, 2) the privileged place of Colombia in bird species richness and 3) the importance of data mobilisation in formats easily consumable by Geographic Information Systems (GIS) to facilitate the processes of informed decision-making. We present the first compilation - in shapefile format - for 1889 of the 1941 bird species recorded from Colombia. Using this novel collection, we showed the species richness of birds in Colombia’s 33 Departments plus its Captial District (DPs), 1122 Municipalities (MNs), 58 protected areas (PAs), 39 Regional Autonomous Corporations (the authorities responsible within their respective jurisdictions for regulating the environment and renewable natural resources in Colombia; CARs) and 916 Collectively Titled Territories (including both indigenous reservations and afro-descendant communities; CTTs). In addition, we provide a list of known bird species richness for the above geographic units found in the available literature. The information provided here can be used as a baseline for a huge number of initiatives concerning the study, conservation and sustainable use of bird species present in Colombia, providing access to key features of bird distribution that should facilitate decision-making.

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          Most cited references42

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          Increasing awareness of avian ecological function.

          Birds are one of the most diverse groups of ecosystem service providers, whose ecological functions range from creating soil to shaping primate behavior, Nevertheless, the impression that birds have little influence on ecological processes has been hard to change. Given the ongoing declines in avian functional groups, there is a pressing need to compare avian ecological functions to those of other taxa, to understand how these functions translate to ecosystem services and to estimate the ecological implications of bird declines. Here, I review the ecological functions of birds, link them to ecosystem services and outline research priorities for understanding avian contributions to ecosystem functioning.
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            Is Open Access

            Biodiversity data integration—the significance of data resolution and domain

            Recent years have seen an explosion in the availability of biodiversity data describing the distribution, function, and evolutionary history of life on earth. Integrating these heterogeneous data remains a challenge due to large variations in observational scales, collection purposes, and terminologies. Here, we conceptualize widely used biodiversity data types according to their domain (what aspect of biodiversity is described?) and informational resolution (how specific is the description?). Applying this framework to major data providers in biodiversity research reveals a strong focus on the disaggregated end of the data spectrum, whereas aggregated data types remain largely underutilized. We discuss the implications of this imbalance for the scope and representativeness of current macroecological research and highlight the synergies arising from a tighter integration of biodiversity data across domains and resolutions. We lay out effective strategies for data collection, mobilization, imputation, and sharing and summarize existing frameworks for scalable and integrative biodiversity research. Finally, we use two case studies to demonstrate how the explicit consideration of data domain and resolution helps to identify biases and gaps in global data sets and achieve unprecedented taxonomic and geographical data coverage in macroecological analyses.
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              Comparing species distributions modelled from occurrence data and from expert-based range maps. Implication for predicting range shifts with climate change

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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Journal
                Biodivers Data J
                Biodivers Data J
                1
                urn:lsid:arphahub.com:pub:F9B2E808-C883-5F47-B276-6D62129E4FF4
                urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:245B00E9-BFE5-4B4F-B76E-15C30BA74C02
                Biodiversity Data Journal
                Pensoft Publishers
                1314-2836
                1314-2828
                2021
                03 February 2021
                : 9
                : e59202
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Museu Nacional (MN), Departamento de Entomologia, Laboratório de Hymenoptera, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Museu Nacional (MN), Departamento de Entomologia, Laboratório de Hymenoptera Rio de Janeiro Brazil
                [2 ] Instituto de Investigación de Recursos Biológicos Alexander von Humboldt, Bogotá, Colombia Instituto de Investigación de Recursos Biológicos Alexander von Humboldt Bogotá Colombia
                [3 ] Wildlife Conservation Society, Colombian Program, Popayán, Colombia Wildlife Conservation Society, Colombian Program Popayán Colombia
                Author notes
                Corresponding authors: Fernando Ayerbe-Quiñones ( fayerbeq@ 123456gmail.com ), Carolina Castro-Moreno ( acastro@ 123456humboldt.org.co ).

                Academic editor: Christopher Heckscher

                Author information
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4094-3797
                Article
                59202 14299
                10.3897/BDJ.9.e59202
                7875958
                34720633
                f1329e3a-e6ac-442e-9474-a10b2f748078
                Danny Vélez, Edwin Tamayo, Fernando Ayerbe-Quiñones, Julián Torres, Juan Rey, Carolina Castro-Moreno, Bryan Ramírez, Jose Manuel Ochoa-Quintero

                This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

                History
                : 01 October 2020
                : 07 January 2021
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 5, References: 40
                Categories
                Data Paper (Biosciences)
                Chordata
                Aves
                Vertebrata
                Animalia
                Cartography, Remote Sensing and GIS
                Colombia
                South America
                Americas

                aves,biodiversity,conservation,data mobilisation,decision-making,gis,sustainable use

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