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      Magnesium lithospermate B improves renal hemodynamics and reduces renal oxygen consumption in 5/6th renal ablation/infarction rats

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          Abstract

          Background

          Magnesium lithospermate B (MLB) can promote renal microcirculation. The aim of the current project was to study whether MLB improves renal hemodynamics, oxygen consumption and subsequently attenuates hypoxia in rats induced by 5/6th renal Ablation/Infarction(A/I).

          Methods

          Chronic renal failure (CRF) was induced in male SD rats by the 5/6 (A/I) surgery. 30 rats were randomly divided into three groups: sham group, 5/6 (A/I) + vehicle group (CRF group) and 5/6 (A/I) + MLB (CRF + MLB) group. 28 days after the surgery, rats were given with saline or 100 mg/kg MLB by i.p. injection for 8 weeks. The 24-h urinary protein (24hUp), serum creatinine (Scr), blood urine nitrogen (BUN), systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) were measured. The protein expression of Fibronectin (FN), Collagen-I (Col-I), Connective Tissue Growth Factor(CTGF) and Interleukin-6 (IL-6) were measured by Western blot. Renal blood flow (RBF) and renal O 2 consumption (QO 2) indicated as sodium reabsorption (QO 2/TNa) were detected before sacrifice. Renal hypoxia was assessed by measuring the protein expression of nNOS, HIF-1α and VEGF.

          Results

          MLB significantly reduced 24hUp, Scr, BUN, SBP and DBP levels in rats with CRF. The expression of FN, Col-I, CTGF and IL-6 were down-regulated by MLB treatment in rats with CRF. In comparison to sham operated rats, 5/6 (A/I) rats had significantly lower RBF, and MLB significantly increased RBF in rats with CRF. Moreover, QO 2/TNa was higher in the CRF group as compared to that in the sham group, and it was significantly attenuated in the CRF + MLB group. MLB reversed the expression of nNOS (neuronal nitric oxide synthase), HIF-1α (hypoxia inducible factor-1) and VEGF in rats with CRF.

          Conclusions

          MLB improves renal function, fibrosis and inflammation in CRF rats induced by 5/6 (A/I), which is probably related to the increase in RBF, reduction of oxygen consumption and attenuation of renal hypoxia in the remnant kidney with CRF.

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          Most cited references12

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          The suffocating kidney: tubulointerstitial hypoxia in end-stage renal disease.

          Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is characterized by irreversible pathological processes that result in the development of end-stage renal disease (ESRD). Accumulating evidence has emphasized the important role of chronic hypoxia in the tubulointerstitium in the final common pathway that leads to development of ESRD. The causes of chronic hypoxia in the tubulointerstitium are multifactorial and include mechanisms such as hemodynamic changes and disturbed oxygen metabolism of resident kidney cells. Epidemiological studies have revealed an association between CKD and systemically hypoxic conditions, such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and sleep apnea syndrome. In addition to tubulointerstitial hypoxia, glomerular hypoxia can occur and is a crucial factor in the development of glomerular disorders. Chemical compounds, polarographic sensors, and radiographical methods can be used to detect hypoxia. Therapeutic approaches that target chronic hypoxia in the kidney should be effective against a broad range of kidney diseases. Amelioration of hypoxia is one mechanism of inhibiting the renin-angiotensin system, the current gold standard of CKD therapy. Future therapeutic approaches include protection of the vascular endothelium and appropriate activation of hypoxia-inducible factor, a key transcription factor involved in adaptive responses against hypoxia.
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            Reduced cortical oxygenation predicts a progressive decline of renal function in patients with chronic kidney disease

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              Angiogenesis and hypoxia in the kidney.

              Loss of glomerular function associated with the presence of tubulointerstitial lesions, which are characterized by peritubular capillary loss, is a common finding in progressive renal disorders. Dysregulated expression of angiogenic factors (such as vascular endothelial growth factor [VEGF] and angiopoietins) and endogenous angiogenic inhibitors (such as thrombospondin-1, angiostatin and endostatin) underlie these conditions and negatively influence the balance between capillary formation and regression, resulting in capillary rarefaction. Recent studies have provided unequivocal evidence for a pathogenic role of tubulointerstitial hypoxia and the involvement of hypoxia-inducible transcription factors in the advanced stages of chronic kidney disease. The mainstay of potential angiogenic therapies is the application of angiogenic factors with the primary aim of ameliorating reduced oxygenation in the ischaemic tubulointerstitium. However, this strategy is strongly associated with inflammation and changes in vascular permeability. For example, supraphysiological expression of VEGF results in glomerular expansion and proteinuria, whereas VEGF blockade using neutralizing antibodies can cause hypertension and thrombotic microangiopathy. These effects highlight the importance of tight regulation of angiogenic factors and inhibitors. Novel therapeutic approaches that target vascular maturation and normalization are now being developed to protect kidneys from capillary rarefaction and hypoxic injury.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                linpinglan222@126.com
                mingwunl@126.com
                yanzi3414@163.com
                yangcerry2@163.com
                yechaoyang63@126.com
                chenwang8@hotmail.com
                Journal
                BMC Nephrol
                BMC Nephrol
                BMC Nephrology
                BioMed Central (London )
                1471-2369
                12 February 2019
                12 February 2019
                2019
                : 20
                : 49
                Affiliations
                [1 ]ISNI 0000 0004 0604 8558, GRID grid.412585.f, Department of Nephrology, , Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, ; No.528 Zhangheng Road, Pudong District, Shanghai, 201203 People’s Republic of China
                [2 ]ISNI 0000 0001 2372 7462, GRID grid.412540.6, TCM Institute of Kidney Disease, , Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, ; Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
                [3 ]Key Laboratory of Liver and Kidney Diseases (Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine) Ministry of Education, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
                [4 ]ISNI 0000 0004 0604 8558, GRID grid.412585.f, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Clinical Medicine, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, ; Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
                Article
                1221
                10.1186/s12882-019-1221-5
                6373127
                30755161
                f150abbd-e783-4da4-ba11-79a14e3dde98
                © The Author(s). 2019

                Open AccessThis article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver ( http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated.

                History
                : 20 June 2018
                : 17 January 2019
                Funding
                Funded by: National Natural Science Foundation of China General Projects
                Award ID: 81573946
                Award Recipient :
                Funded by: Scientific Research Foundation of Science and Technology Commission of Shanghai Municipal Government
                Award ID: 16401931700
                Award Recipient :
                Funded by: Scientific Research Foundation of Shanghai Municipal Commission of Health and Family Planning
                Award ID: 201540199
                Award Recipient :
                Funded by: Scientific Research Foundation of Shanghai Municipal Commission of Health and Family Planning
                Award ID: 201740193
                Award Recipient :
                Funded by: Key Disciplines Group Construction Project of Pudong Health Bureau of Shanghai
                Award ID: PWZxq2017-07
                Award Recipient :
                Funded by: Science Foundation of Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of TCM
                Award ID: SGKJ-201712
                Categories
                Research Article
                Custom metadata
                © The Author(s) 2019

                Nephrology
                magnesium lithospermate b,renal blood flow,renal oxygen consumption,hypoxia,crf
                Nephrology
                magnesium lithospermate b, renal blood flow, renal oxygen consumption, hypoxia, crf

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