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      Efectos del consumo de leche bubalina con alto contenido de grasas trans en la degeneración grasa hepática inducida por colesterol en conejos. Translated title: Effects of trans fatty acid-enriched bubaline milk intake in hepatic fat degeneration induced by cholesterol in rabbits.

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          Abstract

          Este trabajo comparó los efectos del consumo de dos leches bubalinas, con baja y alta relación de AGt/AGS, sobre la lipemia y el desarrollo de degeneración grasa hepática inducido por colesterol en conejos. Veinte conejos neozelandeses, machos, fueron aleatoriamente separados en un grupo control (n=10) que recibió leche con baja relación AGt/AGS (5,3% de AGt y 67,12 % de AGS) obtenida de búfalas en sistema pastoril; y un grupo alto trans (n=10) que recibió leche con alta relación AGt/AGS (25,84% de AGt y 45,89% de AGS) obtenida de búfalas con suplementación lipídica en su dieta. La leche fue administrada durante 75 días y su consumo fue registrado diariamente. A partir del día 15 todos los conejos recibieron 0,93 g de colesterol/día, vía oral, para inducir degeneración grasa hepática. Se evaluó el lipidograma sérico y los niveles de ALT y AST. En hígado se midió el contenido de lípidos y, en muestras histológicas, se evaluó el área sudanofílica, la fibrosis e infiltración de macrófagos. Los conejos consumieron 9293,13 ml y 9930 ml de leche con baja y alta relación AGt/AGS, respectivamente, sin diferencia entre grupos (p 0,404). El grupo alto trans registró mayores niveles séricos de colesterol total que el control (6,08 vs. 5,58 g/l, p 0,049). Los valores de ALT fueron significativamente (p <0,0001) mayores en el grupo alto trans. El hígado registró un significativo (p 0,0437) incremento de lípidos en el grupo alto trans (10,62 % de lípidos) cuando se comparó con el control (8,68 % de lípidos). El grupo alto trans registró en el parénquima hepático mayor extensión del área sudanofílica (37,05 % vs. 26,42 %, p 0,0338), mayor frecuencia de fibrosis (8 vs. 3 hígados, p 0,0247) y mayor infiltración de macrófagos (94,20 vs. 48 macrófagos, p 0,0190) que el grupo control. En conclusión, la leche con alta relación AGt/AGS contribuyó a incrementar la colesterolemia y a incrementar el efecto hepatotóxico del colesterol, cuando se comparó con la leche con baja relación de AGt/AGS. Dichos efectos estén, posiblemente, relacionados con el contenido de AGt de esta leche.

          Translated abstract

          This work compared the effects of the two bubaline milk consumption, with low and high ratio of tFA/SFA, on lipemia and the development of hepatic fat degeneration induced by cholesterol in rabbits. Twenty New Zealand males rabbits were randomly separated into a control group (n=10) that received milk with low trans/saturated FA ratio (5.3% tFA and 67.12% SFA) obtained from grazing buffalos; and a high trans group (n=10) that received milk with high tFA/SFA ratio (25.84% tFA and 45.89% SFA) obtained from buffalos with lipid supplementation in their diet. The milk was administered for 75 days and its intake was recorded daily. From day 15, all rabbits were challenged with 0.93 g of cholesterol/day, orally, in order to induce hepatic fat degeneration. The serum lipidogram, ALT and AST were recorded. On the liver, lipid content, sudanophilic area, fibrosis and macrophage infiltration were evaluated. The rabbits voluntarily consumed 9293.13 ml and 9930 ml of milk with low and high tFA/SFA ratio, respectively, without difference between groups (p 0.404). Rabbits in high trans group registered higher serum levels of total cholesterol than the control group (6.08 vs. 5.58 g/l, p 0.049). The ALT were significantly (p <0.0001) higher in the high trans group than the control group. The liver lipids recorded a significant (p 0.0437) increase in the high trans group (10.62%) when it was compared to the control (8.68%).The high trans group recorded a greater extension of the sudanophilic area (37.05 ± 7.53% vs. 26.42 ± 12.55%, p 0.0338), a greater frequency of fibrosis (8 vs. 3 livers, p 0.0247) and more infiltration of macrophages in hepatic parenchyma (94.20 vs. 48 macrophages, p 0.0190) than the control group. In conclusion, milk with high tFA/SFA ratio contributed to increase total cholesterol levels and to increase the hepatotoxic effect of cholesterol, when was compared with milk with a low ratio of tFA/SFA. These effects are possibly related to the tFA content of this milk.

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          Most cited references22

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          Obesity-induced insulin resistance and hepatic steatosis are alleviated by omega-3 fatty acids: a role for resolvins and protectins.

          Omega-3-polyunsaturated fatty acids (omega-3-PUFAs) have well-documented protective effects that are attributed not only to eicosanoid inhibition but also to the formation of novel biologically active lipid mediators (i.e., resolvins and protectins). In this study, we examined their effects on ob/ob mice, an obesity model of insulin resistance and fatty liver disease. Dietary intake of omega-3-PUFAs had insulin-sensitizing actions in adipose tissue and liver and improved insulin tolerance in obese mice. Genes involved in insulin sensitivity (PPARgamma), glucose transport (GLUT-2/GLUT-4), and insulin receptor signaling (IRS-1/IRS-2) were up-regulated by omega-3-PUFAs. Moreover, omega-3-PUFAs increased adiponectin, an anti-inflammatory and insulin-sensitizing adipokine, and induced AMPK phosphorylation, a fuel-sensing enzyme and a gatekeeper of the energy balance. Concomitantly, hepatic steatosis was alleviated by omega-3-PUFAs. A lipidomic analysis with liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry/mass spectrometry revealed that omega-3-PUFAs inhibited the formation of omega-6-PUFA-derived eicosanoids, while triggering the formation of omega-3-PUFA-derived resolvins and protectins. Moreover, representative members of these lipid mediators, namely resolvin E1 and protectin D1, mimicked the insulin-sensitizing and antisteatotic effects of omega-3-PUFAs and induced adiponectin expression to a similar extent that of rosiglitazone, a member of the thiazolidinedione family of antidiabetic drugs. Taken together, these findings uncover beneficial actions of omega-3-PUFAs and their bioactive lipid autacoids in preventing obesity-induced insulin resistance and hepatic steatosis.
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            Histopathology of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease.

            Histological analysis of liver biopsies remains a standard against which other methods of assessment for the presence and amount of hepatic injury due to nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) are measured. Histological evaluation remains the sole method of distinguishing steatosis from advanced forms of NAFLD, i.e. nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) and fibrosis. Included in the lesions of NAFLD are steatosis, lobular and portal inflammation, hepatocyte injury in the forms of ballooning and apoptosis, and fibrosis. However, patterns of these lesions are as distinguishing as the lesions themselves. Liver injury in adults and children due to NAFLD may have different histological patterns. In this review, the rationale for liver biopsy, as well as the histopathological lesions, the microscopically observable patterns of injury, and the differential diagnoses of NAFLD and NASH are discussed.
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              Sheep cheese naturally enriched in α-linolenic, conjugated linoleic and vaccenic acids improves the lipid profile and reduces anandamide in the plasma of hypercholesterolaemic subjects.

              Intake of dairy fat has long been considered as a risk factor for CVD. Pasture and dietary lipid supplementation have been reported to be reliable strategies in ruminant nutrition, in order to increase the content of α-linolenic acid (ALA), conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) and vaccenic acid (VA), and decrease SFA in milk fat. In the present study, we aimed at verifying whether consumption of a sheep cheese, naturally enriched in ALA, CLA and VA, would modify the plasma lipid and endocannabinoid profiles in mildly hypercholesterolaemic subjects. A total of forty-two adult volunteers (nineteen males and twenty-three females) with diagnosed mildly hypercholesterolaemia (total cholesterol 5·68-7·49 mmol/l) were randomly assigned to eat 90 g/d of a control or enriched cheese for 3 weeks, with a cross-over after 3 weeks of washout. Plasma lipids, endocannabinoids, adipokines and inflammatory markers were measured. The intake of enriched cheese significantly increased the plasma concentrations of CLA, VA, the n-3 fatty acids ALA and EPA, and more remarkably decreased that of the endocannabinoid anandamide. LDL-cholesterol decreased significantly (7%). No changes were detected in the levels of inflammatory markers; however, a significant correlation was found between the plasma levels of anandamide and leptin. The control cheese modified none of the parameters measured. The results obtained do not support the view that intake of dairy fat is detrimental to hypercholesterolaemic subjects. Indeed, they show that a naturally enriched cheese possesses beneficial properties, since it ameliorates the plasma lipid profile, and more remarkably reduces endocannabinoid biosynthesis.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Journal
                invet
                InVet
                InVet
                Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad de Buenos Aires (Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, , Argentina )
                1668-3498
                2019
                : 21
                : 1
                : 57-72
                Affiliations
                [02] orgnameHospital de Clínicas
                [01] orgnameCátedra de Patología General y Sistemática
                [03] Corrientes orgnameUniversidad Nacional del Nordeste orgdiv1Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias orgdiv2Cátedra de Tecnología de los Alimentos Argentina
                Article
                S1668-34982019000100005 S1668-3498(19)02100100005
                f1604089-0a41-48da-9978-333232c0372d

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 24 July 2019
                : 15 August 2018
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 25, Pages: 16
                Product

                SciELO Argentina

                Categories
                Artículos de investigación

                Trans fatty acids,Fatty liver,Rabbi,Ruminant,Hígado graso,Conejo,Ácidos grasos trans,Rumiante

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