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      Micropilar and embryonic events during hydration of Melanoxylon brauna Schott seeds Translated title: Eventos micropilar e embrionário na hidratação de sementes de Melanoxylon brauna Schott

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          Abstract

          Abstract:Germination is a complex process that involves molecules properties that make up the cell walls, hydrolytic enzymes that break the bonds between the polymers and action of reactive oxygen substance. Melanoxylon braunais a forest species of high economic value. In order to evaluate the physiological and biochemical changes that occur in the embryonic axis during germination, fresh matter, length, activities of the enzymes pectin methylesterase, polygalacturonase, superoxide dismutase, catalase, peroxidase and hydrogen peroxide levels were quantified in the embryonic axis. Furthermore, in the micropyle area the composition of carbohydrates and micropyle physical resistance were evaluated with and without drying. During soaking, if there are increases in fresh matter and length of the embryonic axis, there is the same trend of polygalacturonase and pectin methylesterase enzymes. The hydrogen peroxide content was reduced during the soaking, as well as the puncture force of the micropylar area. It is concluded that the seed coat and the cotyledons are responsible for 90% of the water soaked by the seeds. The events in the micropyle and embryonic axis occur independently in the first 16 hours. The weakening of the micropyle features an elastic step and a plastic one. Enzymes pectin methylesterase and polygalacturonase act in cellular expansion of the embryonic axis.

          Translated abstract

          Resumo:A germinação é um processo complexo que envolve propriedades das moléculas que compõem a parede celular, enzimas hidrolíticas que quebram ligações entre polímeros da pectina e da hemicelulose e ação das substâncias reativas de oxigênio. Melanoxylon brauna é uma espécie florestal de alto valor econômico. Com o objetivo de avaliar alterações fisiológicas e bioquímicas no eixo embrionário durante a germinação, foram quantificados a massa fresca, o comprimento, as atividades das enzimas pectina metilesterase, poligalacturonase, superóxido dismutase, catalase, peroxidase e os teores de peróxido de hidrogênio. Foram avaliados na região micropilar a composição dos carboidratos e a resistência da micrópila seca e sem secagem. Durante a embebição, ocorrem aumentos na massa fresca e comprimento dos eixos embrionários, mesma tendência das enzimas poligalacturonase e pectina metilesterase, que participam da expansão celular. O conteúdo de peróxido de hidrogênio reduziu durante a embebição, assim como a força de ruptura da região micropilar. Conclui-se que o tegumento e os cotilédones são responsáveis por 90% da água embebida pelas sementes. Os eventos na micrópila e eixo ocorrem independentes nas primeiras 16 horas. O enfraquecimento da micrópila apresenta uma etapa elástica e outra plástica. As enzimas pectina metilesterase e a poligalacturonase atuam na expansão celular do eixo embrionário.

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          ROS as signalling molecules: mechanisms that generate specificity in ROS homeostasis.

          Reactive oxygen species (ROS) have been shown to be toxic but also function as signalling molecules. This biological paradox underlies mechanisms that are important for the integrity and fitness of living organisms and their ageing. The pathways that regulate ROS homeostasis are crucial for mitigating the toxicity of ROS and provide strong evidence about specificity in ROS signalling. By taking advantage of the chemistry of ROS, highly specific mechanisms have evolved that form the basis of oxidant scavenging and ROS signalling systems.
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            Catalase, Peroxidase, and Polyphenoloxidase Activities during Rice Leaf Senescence.

            The activities of catalase, peroxidase, and polyphenoloxidase were studied in attached and detached rice (Oryza sativa L. cv. Ratna) leaves. Catalase activity decreased while peroxidase and polyphenoloxidase activities increased during senescence of both attached and detached rice leaves. Kinetic (5 mum) and benzimidazole (1 mm), which are known to delay the senescence of detached rice leaves, retarded the decrease of catalase activity during detached leaf senescence. On the other hand, these chemicals accelerated the increase of peroxidase and polyphenoloxidase activities over the water control. Total phenolics accumulated in detached and darkened rice leaves, but in attached leaf senescence in light no accumulation of phenolics was observed.
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              First off the mark: early seed germination.

              Most plant seeds are dispersed in a dry, mature state. If these seeds are non-dormant and the environmental conditions are favourable, they will pass through the complex process of germination. In this review, recent progress made with state-of-the-art techniques including genome-wide gene expression analyses that provided deeper insight into the early phase of seed germination, which includes imbibition and the subsequent plateau phase of water uptake in which metabolism is reactivated, is summarized. The physiological state of a seed is determined, at least in part, by the stored mRNAs that are translated upon imbibition. Very early upon imbibition massive transcriptome changes occur, which are regulated by ambient temperature, light conditions, and plant hormones. The hormones abscisic acid and gibberellins play a major role in regulating early seed germination. The early germination phase of Arabidopsis thaliana culminates in testa rupture, which is followed by the late germination phase and endosperm rupture. An integrated view on the early phase of seed germination is provided and it is shown that it is characterized by dynamic biomechanical changes together with very early alterations in transcript, protein, and hormone levels that set the stage for the later events. Early seed germination thereby contributes to seed and seedling performance important for plant establishment in the natural and agricultural ecosystem.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Journal
                jss
                Journal of Seed Science
                J. Seed Sci.
                ABRATES - Associação Brasileira de Tecnologia de Sementes (Londrina )
                2317-1545
                September 2015
                : 37
                : 3
                : 192-201
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Universidade Federal de Viçosa Brazil
                [2 ] Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro Brazil
                Article
                S2317-15372015000300192
                10.1590/2317-1545v37n3147846
                f1917397-e2fb-47d5-8f2e-ae33b01b1974

                http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

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                SciELO Brazil

                Self URI (journal page): http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_serial&pid=2317-1537&lng=en
                Categories
                PLANT SCIENCES

                Plant science & Botany
                puncture force,hydrogen peroxide,cell wall,germination,força de ruptura,peróxido hidrogênio,parede celular,germinação

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