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      Combined benefits of fermented washed rice water and NPK mineral fertilizer on plant growth and soil fertility over three field planting cycles

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          Abstract

          Washed rice water (WRW) is the leftover water after washing rice grains and is usually discarded. However, WRW contains nutrients leached from rice, making it a potential plant fertilizer. Reusing WRW promotes better water governance, particularly in the face of increased freshwater needs due to population expansion and climate change. Recent experiments in rain shelters have demonstrated the advantages of using WRW as fertilizer. Building on this, our study assessed WRW's efficacy in an open field against NPK fertilizer, both individually and in combination. The treatments were: R3 (3-day fermented WRW), N1 (full recommended NPK rate), N0.5R3 (half NPK rate and R3), and CON (tap water only). These treatments were tested over three consecutive planting cycles of choy sum ( Brassica chinensis var. parachinensis) vegetable. At the end of each planting cycle, measurements were taken for the plant's growth, nutrient content and uptake, as well as various soil chemical properties and bacterial population. Plants were watered daily with 5 mm WRW (R3 and N0.5R3) or tap water (N1 and CON). N0.5R3 showed the best results in terms of plant growth, nutrient content, uptake, and soil nutrient levels. N0.5R3 supplied the most nutrients, especially N, P, and K. Increased plant growth also led to increased plant uptake of nutrients, including micronutrients. Macronutrients had a greater impact on plant biomass than micronutrients, as R3 and N1 had similar results. R3 soils had higher bacterial populations but were more acidic than N1 soils. The negative effect of NPK on bacteria was partially offset by combining NPK with WRW as N0.5R3. No carryover effects were observed, likely because of the high nutrient leaching from heavy rains. These findings confirm WRW's is an effective fertilizer in open fields, but measures like surface mulching are crucial to minimize nutrient leaching prior to its use.

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          Most cited references43

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          DETERMINATION OF TOTAL, ORGANIC, AND AVAILABLE FORMS OF PHOSPHORUS IN SOILS

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            Root phenes for enhanced soil exploration and phosphorus acquisition: tools for future crops.

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              Photosynthetic acclimation of plants to growth irradiance: the relative importance of specific leaf area and nitrogen partitioning in maximizing carbon gain

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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Journal
                Heliyon
                Heliyon
                Heliyon
                Elsevier
                2405-8440
                15 September 2023
                September 2023
                15 September 2023
                : 9
                : 9
                : e20213
                Affiliations
                [a ]Department of Land Management, Faculty of Agriculture, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
                [b ]Department of Soil Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Federal University Dutse, Nigeria. PMB 7156, Ibrahim Aliyu bye-pass Jigawa state, 720101, Nigeria
                [c ]Department of Plant Sciences, Faculty of Agricultural and Food Sciences, Széchenyi István University, Mosonmagyaróvár, Hungary
                Author notes
                []Corresponding author. chris@ 123456upm.edu.my
                Article
                S2405-8440(23)07421-2 e20213
                10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e20213
                10559983
                37809856
                f19ab3a9-60e6-439b-a233-06696cc18598
                © 2023 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.

                This is an open access article under the CC BY license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

                History
                : 28 May 2023
                : 10 September 2023
                : 13 September 2023
                Categories
                Research Article

                wastewater,leaching,nutrient uptake,nutrient content,soil bacteria,choy sum

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