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      COVID-19 discarded disposable gloves as a source and a vector of pollutants in the environment

      review-article
      a , b , a , *
      Journal of Hazardous Materials
      Elsevier B.V.
      A-PE-MPs, microplastics exposed to air, AAS, atomic absorption spectroscopy, AHTN, tonalide, AMWPE, average molecular weight medium density polyethylene, AMX, amoxicillin, BBP, benzyl butyl phthalates, BET, Brunner-Emmet-Teller method, DIFE, difenoconazole, BPA, bisphenol A, DBP, dibutyl phthalates, CAR, carbendazim, CBZ, carbamazepine, CIP, ciprofloxacin, DEHP, di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate, DEP, diethyl phthalate, DFC, diclofenac, DIF, diflubenzuron, DIP, dipterex, DPG, disposable protective glove, EE2, 17α-ethinyl estradiol, GC, gas chromatography, GC-MS, gas chromatography equipped with mass spectrometer, HDPE, high-density polyethylene, HHCB, galaxolide, HPLC, high-performance liquid chromatography, IBU, ibuprofen, ICP-MS, inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry, ICP-OES, inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry, LDPE, low-density polyethylene, MAL, malathion, MK, musk ketone, MO, musk odors, MPs, microplastics, MX, musk xylene, NBR, nitrile butadiene rubber, NPX, naproxen, NRL, natural rubber latex, NSAIDs, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, PA, polyamide, PAHs, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, PCBs, polychlorinated biphenyls, PE, polyethylene, PMMA, polymethyl methacrylate, PP, polypropylene, PPE, personal protective equipment, PRP, propranolol, PS, polystyrene, PVA, polyvinyl alcohol, PVC, polyvinyl chloride, S-PE-MPs, microplastics exposed to soil, SBR, styrene butadiene rubber, SDBS, sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonate, SDZ, sulfadiazine, SER, sertraline, SMX, sulfamethoxazole, TC, tetracycline, TCEP, tris(2-chloroethyl) phosphate, TCS, triclosan, TMP, trimethoprim, TnBP, tri-n-butyl phosphate, TPP, triphenylphosphine, UHMWPE, ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene, UV-EMPs, UV aged etched-microplastics, UV-MPs, UV aged microplastics, VOCs, volatile organic compounds, W-PE-MPs, microplastics exposed to water, XRF, X-ray fluorescence spectrometer, pollution, disposable gloves, COVID-19, pandemic, plastics, risk

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          Abstract

          The appearance of the virus SARS-CoV-2 at the end of 2019 and its spreading all over the world has caused global panic and increase of personal protection equipment usage to protect people against infection. Increased usage of disposable protective gloves, their discarding to random spots and getting to landfills may result in significant environmental pollution. The knowledge concerning possible influence of gloves and potential of gloves debris on the environment (water, soil, etc.), wildlife and humans is crucial to predict future consequences of disposable gloves usage caused by the pandemic. This review focuses on the possibility of chemical release (heavy metals and organic pollutants) from gloves and gloves materials, their adsorptive properties in terms of contaminants accumulation and effects of gloves degradation under environmental conditions.

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          Production, use, and fate of all plastics ever made

          We present the first ever global account of the production, use, and end-of-life fate of all plastics ever made by humankind.
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            Degradation Rates of Plastics in the Environment

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              Pathways for degradation of plastic polymers floating in the marine environment.

              Each year vast amounts of plastic are produced worldwide. When released to the environment, plastics accumulate, and plastic debris in the world's oceans is of particular environmental concern. More than 60% of all floating debris in the oceans is plastic and amounts are increasing each year. Plastic polymers in the marine environment are exposed to sunlight, oxidants and physical stress, and over time they weather and degrade. The degradation processes and products must be understood to detect and evaluate potential environmental hazards. Some attention has been drawn to additives and persistent organic pollutants that sorb to the plastic surface, but so far the chemicals generated by degradation of the plastic polymers themselves have not been well studied from an environmental perspective. In this paper we review available information about the degradation pathways and chemicals that are formed by degradation of the six plastic types that are most widely used in Europe. We extrapolate that information to likely pathways and possible degradation products under environmental conditions found on the oceans' surface. The potential degradation pathways and products depend on the polymer type. UV-radiation and oxygen are the most important factors that initiate degradation of polymers with a carbon-carbon backbone, leading to chain scission. Smaller polymer fragments formed by chain scission are more susceptible to biodegradation and therefore abiotic degradation is expected to precede biodegradation. When heteroatoms are present in the main chain of a polymer, degradation proceeds by photo-oxidation, hydrolysis, and biodegradation. Degradation of plastic polymers can lead to low molecular weight polymer fragments, like monomers and oligomers, and formation of new end groups, especially carboxylic acids.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                J Hazard Mater
                J Hazard Mater
                Journal of Hazardous Materials
                Elsevier B.V.
                0304-3894
                1873-3336
                27 April 2021
                27 April 2021
                : 125938
                Affiliations
                [a ]Department of Radiochemistry and Environmental Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, Lublin, Poland
                [b ]Korea Biochar Research Center, APRU Sustainable Waste Management Program and Division of Environmental Science and Ecological Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
                Author notes
                [* ]Corresponding author.
                Article
                S0304-3894(21)00902-X 125938
                10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.125938
                8076738
                34010776
                f1a5ce43-ed38-458a-8c1c-30ff8900cf5c
                © 2021 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

                Since January 2020 Elsevier has created a COVID-19 resource centre with free information in English and Mandarin on the novel coronavirus COVID-19. The COVID-19 resource centre is hosted on Elsevier Connect, the company's public news and information website. Elsevier hereby grants permission to make all its COVID-19-related research that is available on the COVID-19 resource centre - including this research content - immediately available in PubMed Central and other publicly funded repositories, such as the WHO COVID database with rights for unrestricted research re-use and analyses in any form or by any means with acknowledgement of the original source. These permissions are granted for free by Elsevier for as long as the COVID-19 resource centre remains active.

                History
                : 26 January 2021
                : 15 April 2021
                : 19 April 2021
                Categories
                Review

                a-pe-mps, microplastics exposed to air,aas, atomic absorption spectroscopy,ahtn, tonalide,amwpe, average molecular weight medium density polyethylene,amx, amoxicillin,bbp, benzyl butyl phthalates,bet, brunner-emmet-teller method,dife, difenoconazole,bpa, bisphenol a,dbp, dibutyl phthalates,car, carbendazim,cbz, carbamazepine,cip, ciprofloxacin,dehp, di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate,dep, diethyl phthalate,dfc, diclofenac,dif, diflubenzuron,dip, dipterex,dpg, disposable protective glove,ee2, 17α-ethinyl estradiol,gc, gas chromatography,gc-ms, gas chromatography equipped with mass spectrometer,hdpe, high-density polyethylene,hhcb, galaxolide,hplc, high-performance liquid chromatography,ibu, ibuprofen,icp-ms, inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry,icp-oes, inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry,ldpe, low-density polyethylene,mal, malathion,mk, musk ketone,mo, musk odors,mps, microplastics,mx, musk xylene,nbr, nitrile butadiene rubber,npx, naproxen,nrl, natural rubber latex,nsaids, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs,pa, polyamide,pahs, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons,pcbs, polychlorinated biphenyls,pe, polyethylene,pmma, polymethyl methacrylate,pp, polypropylene,ppe, personal protective equipment,prp, propranolol,ps, polystyrene,pva, polyvinyl alcohol,pvc, polyvinyl chloride,s-pe-mps, microplastics exposed to soil,sbr, styrene butadiene rubber,sdbs, sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonate,sdz, sulfadiazine,ser, sertraline,smx, sulfamethoxazole,tc, tetracycline,tcep, tris(2-chloroethyl) phosphate,tcs, triclosan,tmp, trimethoprim,tnbp, tri-n-butyl phosphate,tpp, triphenylphosphine,uhmwpe, ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene,uv-emps, uv aged etched-microplastics,uv-mps, uv aged microplastics,vocs, volatile organic compounds,w-pe-mps, microplastics exposed to water,xrf, x-ray fluorescence spectrometer,pollution,disposable gloves,covid-19,pandemic,plastics,risk
                a-pe-mps, microplastics exposed to air, aas, atomic absorption spectroscopy, ahtn, tonalide, amwpe, average molecular weight medium density polyethylene, amx, amoxicillin, bbp, benzyl butyl phthalates, bet, brunner-emmet-teller method, dife, difenoconazole, bpa, bisphenol a, dbp, dibutyl phthalates, car, carbendazim, cbz, carbamazepine, cip, ciprofloxacin, dehp, di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate, dep, diethyl phthalate, dfc, diclofenac, dif, diflubenzuron, dip, dipterex, dpg, disposable protective glove, ee2, 17α-ethinyl estradiol, gc, gas chromatography, gc-ms, gas chromatography equipped with mass spectrometer, hdpe, high-density polyethylene, hhcb, galaxolide, hplc, high-performance liquid chromatography, ibu, ibuprofen, icp-ms, inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry, icp-oes, inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry, ldpe, low-density polyethylene, mal, malathion, mk, musk ketone, mo, musk odors, mps, microplastics, mx, musk xylene, nbr, nitrile butadiene rubber, npx, naproxen, nrl, natural rubber latex, nsaids, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, pa, polyamide, pahs, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, pcbs, polychlorinated biphenyls, pe, polyethylene, pmma, polymethyl methacrylate, pp, polypropylene, ppe, personal protective equipment, prp, propranolol, ps, polystyrene, pva, polyvinyl alcohol, pvc, polyvinyl chloride, s-pe-mps, microplastics exposed to soil, sbr, styrene butadiene rubber, sdbs, sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonate, sdz, sulfadiazine, ser, sertraline, smx, sulfamethoxazole, tc, tetracycline, tcep, tris(2-chloroethyl) phosphate, tcs, triclosan, tmp, trimethoprim, tnbp, tri-n-butyl phosphate, tpp, triphenylphosphine, uhmwpe, ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene, uv-emps, uv aged etched-microplastics, uv-mps, uv aged microplastics, vocs, volatile organic compounds, w-pe-mps, microplastics exposed to water, xrf, x-ray fluorescence spectrometer, pollution, disposable gloves, covid-19, pandemic, plastics, risk

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