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      Comparative transcriptomic analysis reveals the significant pleiotropic regulatory effects of LmbU on lincomycin biosynthesis

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          Abstract

          Background

          Lincomycin, produced by Streptomyces lincolnensis, is a lincosamide antibiotic and widely used for the treatment of the infective diseases caused by Gram-positive bacteria. The mechanisms of lincomycin biosynthesis have been deeply explored in recent years. However, the regulatory effects of LmbU that is a transcriptional regulator in lincomycin biosynthetic ( lmb) gene cluster have not been fully addressed.

          Results

          LmbU was used to search for homologous LmbU (LmbU-like) proteins in the genomes of actinobacteria, and the results showed that LmbU-like proteins are highly distributed regulators in the biosynthetic gene clusters (BGCs) of secondary metabolites or/and out of the BGCs in actinomycetes. The overexpression, inactivation and complementation of the lmbU gene indicated that LmbU positively controls lincomycin biosynthesis in S. lincolnensis. Comparative transcriptomic analysis further revealed that LmbU activates the 28 lmb genes at whole lmb cluster manner. Furthermore, LmbU represses the transcription of the non- lmb gene hpdA in the biosynthesis of l-tyrosine, the precursor of lincomycin. LmbU up-regulates nineteen non- lmb genes, which would be involved in multi-drug flux to self-resistance, nitrate and sugar transmembrane transport and utilization, and redox metabolisms.

          Conclusions

          LmbU is a significant pleiotropic transcriptional regulator in lincomycin biosynthesis by entirely activating the lmb cluster and regulating the non- lmb genes in Streptomyces lincolnensis. Our results first revealed the pleiotropic regulatory function of LmbU, and shed new light on the transcriptional effects of LmbU-like family proteins on antibiotic biosynthesis in actinomycetes.

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          Most cited references42

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          Lambda red-mediated genetic manipulation of antibiotic-producing Streptomyces.

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            Regulation of antibiotic production in Actinobacteria: new perspectives from the post-genomic era

            The antimicrobial activity of many of their natural products has brought prominence to the Streptomycetaceae , a family of Gram-positive bacteria that inhabit both soil and aquatic sediments. Covering: 2000 to 2018 The antimicrobial activity of many of their natural products has brought prominence to the Streptomycetaceae , a family of Gram-positive bacteria that inhabit both soil and aquatic sediments. In the natural environment, antimicrobial compounds are likely to limit the growth of competitors, thereby offering a selective advantage to the producer, in particular when nutrients become limited and the developmental programme leading to spores commences. The study of the control of this secondary metabolism continues to offer insights into its integration with a complex lifecycle that takes multiple cues from the environment and primary metabolism. Such information can then be harnessed to devise laboratory screening conditions to discover compounds with new or improved clinical value. Here we provide an update of the review we published in NPR in 2011. Besides providing the essential background, we focus on recent developments in our understanding of the underlying regulatory networks, ecological triggers of natural product biosynthesis, contributions from comparative genomics and approaches to awaken the biosynthesis of otherwise silent or cryptic natural products. In addition, we highlight recent discoveries on the control of antibiotic production in other Actinobacteria, which have gained considerable attention since the start of the genomics revolution. New technologies that have the potential to produce a step change in our understanding of the regulation of secondary metabolism are also described.
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              Energetics of pathogenic bacteria and opportunities for drug development.

              The emergence and spread of drug-resistant pathogens and our inability to develop new antimicrobials to overcome resistance has inspired scientists to consider new targets for drug development. Cellular bioenergetics is an area showing promise for the development of new antimicrobials, particularly in the discovery of new anti-tuberculosis drugs where several new compounds have entered clinical trials. In this review, we have examined the bioenergetics of various bacterial pathogens, highlighting the versatility of electron donor and acceptor utilisation and the modularity of electron transport chain components in bacteria. In addition to re-examining classical concepts, we explore new literature that reveals the intricacies of pathogen energetics, for example, how Salmonella enterica and Campylobacter jejuni exploit host and microbiota to derive powerful electron donors and sinks; the strategies Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Pseudomonas aeruginosa use to persist in lung tissues; and the importance of sodium energetics and electron bifurcation in the chemiosmotic anaerobe Fusobacterium nucleatum. A combination of physiological, biochemical, and pharmacological data suggests that, in addition to the clinically-approved target F1Fo-ATP synthase, NADH dehydrogenase type II, succinate dehydrogenase, hydrogenase, cytochrome bd oxidase, and menaquinone biosynthesis pathways are particularly promising next-generation drug targets. The realisation of cellular energetics as a rich target space for the development of new antimicrobials will be dependent upon gaining increased understanding of the energetic processes utilised by pathogens in host environments and the ability to design bacterial-specific inhibitors of these processes.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                grzhao@tju.edu.cn
                Journal
                Microb Cell Fact
                Microb. Cell Fact
                Microbial Cell Factories
                BioMed Central (London )
                1475-2859
                12 February 2020
                12 February 2020
                2020
                : 19
                : 30
                Affiliations
                [1 ]GRID grid.33763.32, ISNI 0000 0004 1761 2484, Frontier Science Center for Synthetic Biology and Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, , Tianjin University, ; Yaguan Road 135, Jinnan District, Tianjin, 300350 China
                [2 ]GRID grid.33763.32, ISNI 0000 0004 1761 2484, SynBio Research Platform, Collaborative Innovation Centre of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), , Tianjin University, ; Yaguan Road 135, Jinnan District, Tianjin, 300350 China
                [3 ]GRID grid.263826.b, ISNI 0000 0004 1761 0489, Present Address: State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, , Southeast University, ; Nanjing, 210096 China
                [4 ]GRID grid.9227.e, ISNI 0000000119573309, Present Address: Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, , Chinese Academy of Sciences, ; Tianjin, 300308 China
                Author information
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3937-2253
                Article
                1298
                10.1186/s12934-020-01298-0
                7014725
                32050973
                f1ac3939-790b-4d3f-9e82-67cbe672f791
                © The Author(s) 2020

                Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver ( http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

                History
                : 24 November 2019
                : 5 February 2020
                Categories
                Research
                Custom metadata
                © The Author(s) 2020

                Biotechnology
                streptomyces lincolnensis,lincomycin,lmbu,transcriptional regulator,pleiotropic regulation

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