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      Rodent-borne viruses survey in rural settlers from Central Brazil

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          Abstract

          Anthropogenic environmental changes arising from settlement and agriculture include deforestation and replacement of natural vegetation by crops providing opportunities for pathogen spillover from animals to humans. This study aimed to investigate the prevalence of rodent-borne virus infections in seven rural settlements from Midwestern Brazil. Of the 466 individuals tested 12 (2.57%) were reactive for orthohantavirus and 3 (0.64%) for mammarenavirus. These rural settlers lived under unfavorable infrastructure, socioeconomic disadvantages, and unsanitary conditions, representing a risk for rodent-borne infections. Development of public policies towards the improvement of health, sanitation and awareness of rodent-borne diseases in improvised camps and settlements is imperative, in order to reduce morbidity and mortality caused by these diseases.

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          Urbanization and Disease Emergence: Dynamics at the Wildlife–Livestock–Human Interface

          James M. Hassell, Michael Begon, Melissa Ward … (2017)
          Urbanization is characterized by rapid intensification of agriculture, socioeconomic change, and ecological fragmentation, which can have profound impacts on the epidemiology of infectious disease. Here, we review current scientific evidence for the drivers and epidemiology of emerging wildlife-borne zoonoses in urban landscapes, where anthropogenic pressures can create diverse wildlife–livestock–human interfaces. We argue that these interfaces represent a critical point for cross-species transmission and emergence of pathogens into new host populations, and thus understanding their form and function is necessary to identify suitable interventions to mitigate the risk of disease emergence. To achieve this, interfaces must be studied as complex, multihost communities whose structure and form are dictated by both ecological and anthropological factors.
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            Emergence of zoonotic arboviruses by animal trade and migration

            Martin Pfeffer, Gerhard Dobler (2010)
            Arboviruses are transmitted in nature exclusively or to a major extend by arthropods. They belong to the most important viruses invading new areas in the world and their occurrence is strongly influenced by climatic changes due to the life cycle of the transmitting vectors. Several arboviruses have emerged in new regions of the world during the last years, like West Nile virus (WNV) in the Americas, Usutu virus (USUV) in Central Europe, or Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV) in the Arabian Peninsula. In most instances the ways of introduction of arboviruses into new regions are not known. Infections acquired during stays in the tropics and subtropics are diagnosed with increasing frequency in travellers returning from tropical countries, but interestingly no attention is paid on accompanying pet animals or the hematophagous ectoparasites that may still be attached to them. Here we outline the known ecology of the mosquito-borne equine encephalitis viruses (WEEV, EEEV, and VEEV), WNV, USUV, RVFV, and Japanese Encephalitis virus, as well as Tick-Borne Encephalitis virus and its North American counterpart Powassan virus, and will discuss the most likely mode that these viruses could expand their respective geographical range. All these viruses have a different epidemiology as different vector species, reservoir hosts and virus types have adapted to promiscuous and robust or rather very fine-balanced transmission cycles. Consequently, these viruses will behave differently with regard to the requirements needed to establish new endemic foci outside their original geographical ranges. Hence, emphasis is given on animal trade and suitable ecologic conditions, including competent vectors and vertebrate hosts.
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              Hantavirus Reservoirs: Current Status with an Emphasis on Data from Brazil

              Renata Carvalho de Oliveira, Alexandro Guterres, Jorlan Fernandes … (2014)
              Since the recognition of hantavirus as the agent responsible for haemorrhagic fever in Eurasia in the 1970s and, 20 years later, the descovery of hantavirus pulmonary syndrome in the Americas, the genus Hantavirus has been continually described throughout the World in a variety of wild animals. The diversity of wild animals infected with hantaviruses has only recently come into focus as a result of expanded wildlife studies. The known reservoirs are more than 80, belonging to 51 species of rodents, 7 bats (order Chiroptera) and 20 shrews and moles (order Soricomorpha). More than 80genetically related viruses have been classified within Hantavirus genus; 25 recognized as human pathogens responsible for a large spectrum of diseases in the Old and New World. In Brazil, where the diversity of mammals and especially rodents is considered one of the largest in the world, 9 hantavirus genotypes have been identified in 12 rodent species belonging to the genus Akodon, Calomys, Holochilus, Oligoryzomys, Oxymycterus, Necromys and Rattus. Considering the increasing number of animals that have been implicated as reservoirs of different hantaviruses, the understanding of this diversity is important for evaluating the risk of distinct hantavirus species as human pathogens.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Jorlan Fernandes: Role: ND
                Renata Carvalho de Oliveira: Role: ND
                Thayssa Alves Coelho: Role: ND
                Regina Maria Bringel Martins: Role: ND
                Karlla Antonieta Amorim Caetano: Role: ND
                Marco Aurélio Pereira Horta: Role: ND
                Silvana Levis: Role: ND
                Megmar Aparecida dos Santos Carneiro: Role: ND
                Sheila A Teles: Role: ND
                Elba Regina Sampaio de Lemos: Role: ND
                Journal
                Journal ID (publisher-id): mioc
                Title: Memórias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz
                Abbreviated Title: Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz
                Publisher: Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Ministério da Saúde (Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil )
                ISSN (Print): 0074-0276
                ISSN (Electronic): 1678-8060
                Publication date (Print and electronic): December 2018
                Volume: 114
                Issue: 0
                Electronic Location Identifier: e180448
                Affiliations
                [1] Rio de Janeiro orgnameFundação Oswaldo Cruz orgdiv1Instituto Oswaldo Cruz orgdiv2Laboratório de Hantaviroses e Rickettsioses Brazil
                [3] Goiânia Goiás orgnameUniversidade Federal de Goiás orgdiv1Faculdade de Enfermagem Brazil
                [4] Rio de Janeiro orgnameFundação Oswaldo Cruz orgdiv1Instituto Oswaldo Cruz Brazil
                [2] Goiânia Goiás orgnameUniversidade Federal de Goiás orgdiv1Instituto de Patologia Tropical e Saúde Pública Brazil
                [5] Pergamino orgnameInstituto Nacional de Enfermedades Virales Humanas Argentina
                Article
                Publisher ID: S0074-02762019000100401
                DOI: 10.1590/0074-02760180448
                SO-VID: f1d5fe45-f491-4279-97a8-1fe99c0737f0
                License:

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

                History
                Date received : 24 September 2018
                Date accepted : 27 November 2018
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 32, Pages: 0
                Product

                SciELO Brazil

                Categories
                Subject: Short Communications

                Keywords: arenavirus,rural settlers,rodent-borne diseases,hantavirus
                Data availability:
                Keywords: arenavirus, rural settlers, rodent-borne diseases, hantavirus

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