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      Nematode distributions as spatial null models for macroinvertebrate species richness across environmental gradients: A case from mountain lakes

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          Abstract

          Nematode species are widely tolerant of environmental conditions and disperse passively. Therefore, the species richness distribution in this group might largely depend on the topological distribution of the habitats and main aerial and aquatic dispersal pathways connecting them. If so, the nematode species richness distributions may serve as null models for evaluating that of other groups more affected by environmental gradients. We investigated this hypothesis in lakes across an altitudinal gradient in the Pyrenees. We compared the altitudinal distribution, environmental tolerance, and species richness, of nematodes with that of three other invertebrate groups collected during the same sampling: oligochaetes, chironomids, and nonchironomid insects. We tested the altitudinal bias in distributions with t‐tests and the significance of narrow‐ranging altitudinal distributions with randomizations. We compared results between groups with Fisher's exact tests. We then explored the influence of environmental factors on species assemblages in all groups with redundancy analysis (RDA), using 28 environmental variables. And, finally, we analyzed species richness patterns across altitude with simple linear and quadratic regressions. Nematode species were rarely biased from random distributions (5% of species) in contrast with other groups (35%, 47%, and 50%, respectively). The altitudinal bias most often shifted toward low altitudes (85% of biased species). Nematodes showed a lower portion of narrow‐ranging species than any other group, and differed significantly from nonchironomid insects (10% and 43%, respectively). Environmental variables barely explained nematode assemblages (RDA adjusted R 2 = 0.02), in contrast with other groups (0.13, 0.19 and 0.24). Despite these substantial differences in the response to environmental factors, species richness across altitude was unimodal, peaking at mid elevations, in all groups. This similarity indicates that the spatial distribution of lakes across altitude is a primary driver of invertebrate richness. Provided that nematodes are ubiquitous, their distribution offers potential null models to investigate species richness across environmental gradients in other ecosystem types and biogeographic regions.

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          Ecological and Evolutionary Responses to Recent Climate Change

          Ecological changes in the phenology and distribution of plants and animals are occurring in all well-studied marine, freshwater, and terrestrial groups. These observed changes are heavily biased in the directions predicted from global warming and have been linked to local or regional climate change through correlations between climate and biological variation, field and laboratory experiments, and physiological research. Range-restricted species, particularly polar and mountaintop species, show severe range contractions and have been the first groups in which entire species have gone extinct due to recent climate change. Tropical coral reefs and amphibians have been most negatively affected. Predator-prey and plant-insect interactions have been disrupted when interacting species have responded differently to warming. Evolutionary adaptations to warmer conditions have occurred in the interiors of species' ranges, and resource use and dispersal have evolved rapidly at expanding range margins. Observed genetic shifts modulate local effects of climate change, but there is little evidence that they will mitigate negative effects at the species level.
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            The commonly observed high diversity of trees in tropical rain forests and corals on tropical reefs is a nonequilibrium state which, if not disturbed further, will progress toward a low-diversity equilibrium community. This may not happen if gradual changes in climate favor different species. If equilibrium is reached, a lesser degree of diversity may be sustained by niche diversification or by a compensatory mortality that favors inferior competitors. However, tropical forests and reefs are subject to severe disturbances often enough that equilibrium may never be attained.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                guillermo.de-mendoza@univ-tlse2.fr
                Journal
                Ecol Evol
                Ecol Evol
                10.1002/(ISSN)2045-7758
                ECE3
                Ecology and Evolution
                John Wiley and Sons Inc. (Hoboken )
                2045-7758
                23 March 2017
                May 2017
                : 7
                : 9 ( doiID: 10.1002/ece3.2017.7.issue-9 )
                : 3016-3028
                Affiliations
                [ 1 ] Centre for Advanced Studies of BlanesSpanish National Research Council (CEAB‐CSIC) BlanesSpain
                [ 2 ] Laboratoire GEODE UMR 5602 CNRSUniversité Toulouse‐Jean Jaurès ToulouseFrance
                [ 3 ] Department of Animal Ecology Faculty of BiologyUniversity of Bielefeld BielefeldGermany
                [ 4 ] Department of Animal Biology, Plant Biology and Ecology Faculty of BiosciencesAutonomous University of Barcelona Cerdanyola del VallèsSpain
                [ 5 ] CREAF CSIC Edifici CCampus de Bellaterra (UAB) Cerdanyola del VallèsSpain
                Author notes
                [*] [* ] Correspondence

                Guillermo de Mendoza, Laboratoire GEODE UMR 5602 CNRS, Université Toulouse‐Jean Jaurès, Toulouse, France.

                Email: guillermo.de-mendoza@ 123456univ-tlse2.fr

                Author information
                http://orcid.org/0000-0003-1323-8686
                Article
                ECE32842
                10.1002/ece3.2842
                5415540
                28480001
                f1ded79b-8548-49c9-9f6a-80fd21146272
                © 2017 The Authors. Ecology and Evolution published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.

                This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

                History
                : 20 April 2016
                : 13 January 2017
                : 28 January 2017
                Page count
                Figures: 6, Tables: 2, Pages: 13, Words: 9675
                Funding
                Funded by: Generalitat de Catalunya
                Award ID: 2014SGR1249
                Funded by: European Union
                Award ID: EVK1‐CT‐1999‐00032
                Award ID: GOCE‐CT‐2003‐505540
                Funded by: Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad
                Award ID: CGL2013‐45348‐P
                Categories
                Original Research
                Original Research
                Custom metadata
                2.0
                ece32842
                May 2017
                Converter:WILEY_ML3GV2_TO_NLMPMC version:5.0.9 mode:remove_FC converted:03.05.2017

                Evolutionary Biology
                biodiversity,chironomidae,insecta,mountain lakes,nematoda,oligochaeta,pyrenees
                Evolutionary Biology
                biodiversity, chironomidae, insecta, mountain lakes, nematoda, oligochaeta, pyrenees

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